lesson 2 - plant anatomy

What do meristems do?

give rise to new cells and differentiate

Apical Meristems

grow in length ; primary growth

Protoderm

form dermal tissue

Procambium

form vascular tissue

Ground Meristem

ground tissue

Intercalary Meristem

allows lengthening of internode

Internode

space between leaf attachment

Lateral Meristems

Secondary growth ; growth in diameter

What is part of lateral meristems?

vascular cambium and cork cambium

Vascular Cambium

gives rise to secondary xylem (wood) and phloem (bark)

Cork Cambium

cork cells, forms outer bark of plant

What protects the shoot?

leaf primordia

What protects the root?

root cap

How are cell types distinguished?

size of vacuole, alive at maturity, and thickness of wall

additional layers of cellulose and lignin are what?

the secondary cell wall

what is the function of dermal tissue?

protection

what is the epidermis derived from?

embryo or apical meristem

What does cuticle do?

waterproofs plant’s surface

where does gas exchange occur?

stomata

what do guard cells do on the stomata?

regulate the size of the opening, controlling water loss and gas exchange

what are trichomes?

hairlike outgrowths of epidermal cells

what do root hairs do?

increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals

what does ground tissue do?

store things, helps photosynthesis, and supports the plant

most common type of plant cell

parenchyma

characteristics of parenchym tissue

thin primary cell walls, large vacuoles, and living at maturity

characteristics of collenchyma

many chloroplasts, living at maturity, irregularly thickened primary cell walls

what is the purpose of the irregularly thickened primary cell walls in collenchyma tissue?

flexability

characteristics of sclerenchyma tissue

thick secondary cell walls impregnated with lignin, dead at maturity

what does lignin do to cell walls?

make them rigid

what are fibers a type of?

sclerenchyma

what does vascular tissue do?

conducts water and nutrients throughout the plant

what is characteristic of all tracheophytes?

they have vascular tissue

what is xylem?

vascular tissue specialized for water and minerals

what is xylem composed of in angiosperms?

conducting cells called vessel and trachieds

what is true of vessels?

larger in diameter and stack end to end ; conduct water better

what is true of tracheids?

smaller in diameter and have tapered ends overlapping

What is Phloem?

food conducting vascular tissue

what is the root system?

below ground and composed of roots

what does the shoot system consist of?

flowers, stems, leaves, and possibly axillary buds

what is the vegetative shoot system composed of?

repeating units of nodes and internodes

what doe leaves do?

produce photosynthesis

what is the vascular tissue of a leaf arranged in bundles called?

vein

what do roots do?

anchor the plant and absorb water and nutrients

what does the root cap do?

protects apical meristem and secretes slimy substance

what is the zone of cell division?

cells divide to produce new cells that will be specialized

what happens in the zone of elongation?

new cells enlarge so they can become specialized

what happens in the zone of maturation?

specialized cells

what do stems do?

provide support for leaves and flowers

how does stems help with transport?

stems link roots to leaves

what forms the bark?

secondary phloem, phelloderm, cork cambium, and cork

what do lenticels do?

permit gas exchange in woody stem

perennial plants

grow year after year

annual plants

live one year

biennial plants

live for two years