PARA/MYCO/VIRO

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182 Terms

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A. lumbricoides
Giant intestinal/ Eel worm
Ovoviparous; Embryonated egg on soil/ Heart-Lung Migration
Loeffler Syndrome
Vit A & Protein def.
Ectopic ascariasis (Wanderlust)
Adult: 1 dorsal; 2 ventrolateral teeth
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Trichiuris trichiua
Whipworm
Oviparous; Embryonated egg on soil
Rectal prolapse
Sigmoidoscopy
Ova: Barrel;football;hyaline plug "Japanese Lantern ova"
Adult: capillary esophagus
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E. vermicularis
Pinworm; Seatworm
Ovoviparous; Embryonated egg
Pruritis ani
Scotch tape method or NIH swab
Ova: D-shaped; tadpole shape embryo
Adult: Mouth - 3 winged like cuticulaar expansion /cervical alae
Esophagus - w/ double bulb
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Hookworm
Oviparous; Skin penetration
Ground itch/Coolie itch/Dew itch
Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia
Harada Mori
↓RBC, MCV, MCHC
Ova: Blastomere:2-8; Morula balls
Rhabditiform larva: long buccal cavity; small genital primordium
Filariform larva: short esophagus
Adult: prominent posterior copulatory bursa
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A. duodenale
short buccal cavity, lumen larger
faint striations
small refractile body
long & blunt tail
"C" shaped
4 ventral teeth
two separate spicules w/ dorsal ray single
Trigiditate
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N. americanus
large buccal cavity, lumen shorter
prominent striations
w/ gap between esophagus
prominent esophageal spears
short & pointed tail
"S" shaped
semilunar cutting plate
two spicules fused, dorsal ray split
Bidigitate
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A. braziliense
Hookworm of cats
1 pair of buccal teeth
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A. caninum
Hookworm of dogs
3 pairs of buccal teeth
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S. stercoralis
Threadworm
Ovoviparous, Skin penetration
Vietnam Diarrhea/Cochin China Diarrhea
Larva currens
Brochopneumonia
Beale String Test
Zinc Sulfate Flotation Method
Harada Mori; Baermann Technique
Ova: "Chinese Lantern Ova"
Rhabditiform: short buccal cavity; prominent genital pimorodium
Filariform: long esophagus & notched tail
Adult: short buccal cavity; long & slender esophagus
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T. spiralis
Pork roundworm
Viviparous, Ingestion of inadequately cooked pork
Bachman Intradermal Test
Bentonite Flocculation Test
↑LDH, Aldolase, CK
Adult: small mouth; long slender digestive tract
Male - pear shaped clasping papillae
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D. medinensis
Guinea worm/Serpent/Dragon worm
Viviparous, Ingestion of larvae w/in IH
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C. philippinensis
Oviparous/Ovoviparous, Ingestion of larvae w/in IH
Reservoir: Piscivorous birds
IH: Hypselotris bipartita/Brackish water fishes
Mystery Disease or Borborygmus (Gurgling stomach)
Ova: Peanut-shaped, flattened bipolar plugs
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Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Rat Lung worm
DH: Rat
IH: molluscs, slugs & snails
Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis/ Cerebral angiostrongyliasis
Egg: resemble hookworms
Adult: barber pole appearance
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Angiostongylus costaricensis
intestinal angiostrongyliasis
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Gnathostoma spinigerum
prominent cephalic bulb & body spines
eating undercooked fish, eels, frogs, reptiles w/ larva
DH: Dog. Cat
Paratenic: Snake, Birds, Human
1st IH: Copepods
2nd IH: Fish & Frogs
Migratory swellings in skin or indurated nodules
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Aniskiasis
eating infective fish or squid containing larva
inflamed mass in esophagus, stomach, intestine
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Filarial Worms
Viviparous, skin inoculation of vector w/ L3 larv
DH: Man
IH: Vector
Giemsa stained
Knott technique
Opthalmologic examination using slit lamp
Ultrasonography
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W. bancrofti
Bancroft filarial
Lower lymphatics
Nocturnal
Vector: Culex, Aedes, Anopheles
Sheathed
Nuclei do not extend to the tip of the tail
Elephantiasis "Malabar leg"
Hyrocoele
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B. malayi
Malayan filarial
Upper lymphatics
Nocturnal subperiodic
Vector: Aedes, Anopheles, Mansonia
Sheathed
2 nuclei at the tip of the tail
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Loa loa
Eye worm
Diurnal
Vector: Chrysops, Deer Fly, Mango Fly
Sheathed
Nuclei form continous row in the tip of the tail
Fugitive Swelling or Calabar swelling
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Onchocerca volvolus
Convoluted filarial/Blinding filarial
Non periodic
Vactor: Simulium, Black Fly
Unsheathed
Nuclei do not extend to the tip of the tail
River blindess; Onchocercomata; Sowdah/Onchodermatitis; Nodding Syndrome
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Mansonella streptocerca
Acanthocheilonema, Dipetalonema, Tetrappetalonema streptocerca
Non periodic
Vector: Culicoides
Unsheathed
skin disease
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Mansonella ozzardi
Ozzard filarial, New world filaria
Non periodic
Vector: Culicoides, Simulium
Unsheathed
Nuclei do not extend to the tip of the tail
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Mansonella perstans
Persistent filarial
Non Periodic
Vector: Culicoides
Unsheathed
Nuceli extend to the tip of the tail
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Dirofilaria immitis
Dog Heart Worm
DH: Dog
IH: Aedes, Culex, Anopheles & Mansonia
Partial nocturnal
Unsheathed
Pulmonary infarct
Coin lesion on x-ray
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Blood Flukes
Dioecious; Not leaf like
IS: Cercaria
MOT: Skin penetration
Adult female lays non-opeculated embryonated egg
Male w/ gynecophoric canal/schist
DH: Man
IH: Snail
Circumoval precipitation test
Fairley's skin test
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Schistosoma japonicum
(Superior Mesenteric Vein)
Oriental Blood fluke
Oriental Schistosomiasis/Katamayas Disease
Clay pipe stem fibrosis
Ova: roundish, small lateral spine
Adult Male: Finely tuberculated, 4-5 testes in groups
Adult Female: Posterior ovary, Long uterus
IH: Bulinus; Physopsis
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Schistosoma mansoni
(Inferior mesenteric vein)
Manson's blood fluke
Intestinal Bilharziasis/Schistosomal dysentery
Ova: Oblong; large lateral spine
Adult Male: Grossly tuberculated, 8-9 testes in zigzag
Adult Female: Anterior ovary, short uterus
IH: Biomphalaria, Planorbis, Tropicorbis
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Schistosoma haematobium
(Vesical vein)
Vesical blood fluke
Urinary Bilharziasis/ Schistosoma hematuria
Sandy patches in vesicle
Carcinoma of the urinary bladder
Ova: somewhat oblong, large terminal spine
Adult Male:Smooth, 6-8 testes in a single file
Adult Female: Median ovary, long & well developed uterus
IH: Oncomelania quadrasi
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Leaf Flukes
Hermaphroditic, leak-like
IS: Metacercaria
MOT: Ingestion
DH: Man
IH: Snail
2nd IH: Fish, Aquatic vegetables, Fresh montain crabs
2 suckers/Distomata: Oral & Ventral (Acetabulum)
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Clonorcis sinensis
Chinese/Oriental Liver fluke
Far East Asia
Ova: distinct shoulders, small knob, Broadly ovoid "Old Fashion Electric Bulb"
Adult: Granular vitellaria, branched testes
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Opistorchis felineus
Cat/Siberial Liver fluke
Siberia, Russia
Ova: prominent opercular 'shoulders', abopercular knob, Elongately ovoid
Adult: Lancet shaped; Transverse vitellaria & lobed testes
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Opistorchis viverrini
Southeast asian liver fluke
RH: Civet cat
May lead to Cholangiocarcinoma
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Fasciola hepatica
Sheep Liver fluke
Worldwide
Adult: w/ cephalic cone & branched intestinal, ovarian & testes seca
"Liver rot" in sheep
Halzuon
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Fasciolopsis buski
Giant intestinal fluke
Far East Asia
Largest trematode to infect man
Adult: w/o cephalic cone & non-branched intestinal, ovarian & testes ceca
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Heterophyes heterophyes
Von-Siebold Fluke / Dwarf fluke
Ova: thick shell
Adult: pyriform grayish, fine spines; genital sucker/Gonotyl
smallest trematode to infect man
autoinfection; most deadly trematode
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Metagonimus yokogawai
Yokogawa's Fluke
Ova: thin shell
Adult: pyriform, scaly spines
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Echinostoma ilocanum
Garrison's blood fluke
Egg resembles Fasciola hepatica
Crown of spine disks or Circum oral disk
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Paragonimus wstermani
Oriental lung fluke
Ova: prominent operculum w/ shoulders; terminal shell thickening
Eggs are similar w/ Diphylobptrium latum
Adult: coffee bean-shaped, outer skin w/ spikes; Paralobate testes
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Fasciola gigantica
most common in ruminant of Asia & Africa
Tropical fasciolopsis
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Gastodiscoides hominis
found upon contact to water vegetation "Night soil"
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Eurythrema pancreaticum
1st IH: snail
2nd IH: grasshoppers (locust)
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Cestodes
Flat & segmented ribbon-like bodies
Hermaphroditic
All are Heteroxenous except H. nana
Biopsy - E. granulosus
Perianal swab - Taenia eggs
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Pseudophyllidea
Diphyllobotrium latum
Spirometra spp
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Cyclophyllidea
Taenia solium, saginata
Hymenlepis nana, diminuta
Dipyldium caninum
Echinococcus granulosus
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Diphylobothrium latum
Broad Fish Tapeworm/ Russian Broad Tapeworm
Longest cestode to infect man
Vit. B12 def
Scolex: Almond shape/Spatulate; 2 false cuplike suckers/grooves (Bothria)
Proglottis: Wider than long; Rosette
Ova: coracidium; operculum, terminal knob
Ova is similar w/ Paragonimus wstermani
DH: Man
1st IH: Cyclops copepod
2nd IH: Fresh Water Fish
IS to Man: Plerocercoid
IS to 2nd IH: Procercoid
IS to 1st IH: Coracidium
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Spirometra (mansoni, theleri, erinacei)
Southeast Asia
DH: Cats, Dogs
1st IH: Cyclops
2nd IH: Snakes, Frogs, Fishes
Sparganosis - consumption of procercoid
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Taenia solium
Pork Tapeworm/Armed Tapeworm
Worldwide
DH: Man
IH: Pig
IS: Cysticercus cellulose; eggs
Scolex: small globular; Rostellum w/ hooks (Double crown)
Neck: Short
Proglottid:
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Taenia saginata
Beef Tapeworm/Unarmed Tapewworm
Cosmopolitan
DH: Man
IH: Cow
IS: Cysticercus bovis
Scolex: large globular; w/o rostellum nor hooks
Neck: long
Proglottid: 1,000-2,000
Uterus: Lateral uterine branches; 15-30; rectangular
(+) Vaginal sphincter
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Taenia saginata asiatica
smaller than T. saginata
w/ sunken rostellum & 2 row of hooks
Consumption of pig's liver
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Taenia multiceps
Taenia serialis/ Multiceps multiceps
DH: Dog, Wolf, Fox
IH: Sheep, Cattles, Horses
Coenurus usually found in CNS; also called as bladder worms
"Staggers" in sheep
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Hymenolepis diminuta
Rat Tapeworm
Scolex: rudimentary apical rostellum w/o hooks
Proglottid: Saclike uterus filled w/ eggs
Ova: 3 pairs hooklets, hexacanth embryo, colorless embryophore, polar thickening "Fried Egg Appearance"
IS: Cysticercoid larva
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Hymenolepis nana
Dwarf Tapeworm
smallest cestode to infect human; most common cestode in human
Scolex: small rostellum w/ one row of Y-shaped hooks
Proglottid: Sac-like uterus filled w/ eggs
Ova: filament emerge from polar thickenings
IS: Egg(Homoxenous); Cysticercoid (Heteroxenous)
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Dipyldium caninum
Dog or Cat Tapeworm/ Pumpkin seed tapeworm
Scolex: club shaped armed rostellum w/ up to seven circlets
Proglottid: Pumpkin seed resemble rice grains; "Egg packet"
Ova: six-hooked oncosphere
IS: Cysticercoid larva
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Echinococcus granulosus
Dog Tapeworm / Hydatid Tapeworm
DH: Dogs
IH: Sheep, Man
Scolex: 4 suckers & approximately 36 hooks
Uterus: twisted or coiled
Ova: Indistinguishable to Taenia eggs
Hyadtid cyst fluid - may lead to anaphylactic shock
Casoni skin test
Ultrasonography
IS: Echinococcus eggs
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Entamoeba histolytica
Trophozoite: Ground glass appearance, Bull's eye karyosome, Finger like pseudopodia, Rapid unidirectional progressive motility, w/ ingested RBC
Cyst: Cigar/rod shape
Amoebiasis; Hepatic Ameobiasis
Flask-shaped ulcer, Amoebic liver abcess (anchovy-sauce asprate), Amoebic colitis
Moan Hemagglutination Test
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Entamoeba dispar
morphologically similar to E. histolytica; can differentiate by PCR
w/ RNA & DNA contents
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Entamoeba motcschovskii
Osmotolerant - 0-41C
similar to E. histolytica & E.coli but biochemically & genetically different
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Entamoeba polecki
pigs & monkeys
can be distinguished from E. histolytica cyst because it has only ONE NUCLEI
w/ angular/pointed chromatoidal bodies
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Entamoeba hartmanni
"small-race E. histolytica"; most similar to E. histolytica
w/o RBC
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Etamoeba coli
Trophozoite: Trashy cytoplasm, Eccentric karyosome, Blunt & rounded pseudopodia, Sluggish non-directional, w/ bacteria & debris
Cyst: Broomstick
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Endolimax nana
Trophozoite: Blot like karyosome, Sluggish progressive motility
Cyst: 4 nuclei "Cross-eyed cyst"
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Iodamoeba butschlii
Trophozoite: Central karyosome w/ Achromatic granules; Blunt & clear psudopodia
Cyst: prominent Glycogen mass, "Iodine cyst"; "Basket nucleus" arrangement of chromatin
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Entamoeba gingivalis
Trophozoite: central & distinct karyosome; w/ ingested WBC, bacteria & epithelial cell; Blunt pseodopodia
NO Cyst
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Naegleria fowleri
Pear shape flagellate w/ 2 whiplike structure
jerky or spinning movement
MOT: Intranasal instillation
Primar Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
stagnant water - thermophilic
IS & DS: Ameboid Trophozoite
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Acanthamoeba
Trophozoite: Acanthopodia, Large eccentric karyosome
Cyst: doubel cell wall w/ ragged edges
Both stages are infective
Primary Amoebic Keratits
Granulomatous Encephalitis
Malt Pharyngitis
contaminated contact lens
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Balantidium coli
Largest intestinal protozoa
Occupational hazard
Trophozoite: Cytosome, Cytopyge
Cyst: kidney or bean shaped macronucleus, spherical micronucleus contractile vacuoles
Directional tumbling motility/Thrown ball
Balantisial dysentery
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Giardia lamblia/Giardia intestinalis
most common protozoan pathogen worldwide
Trophozoite: sucking disk, 2 axonemes, 2 parabasal bodies, 4 pairs flagella; Pear-shaped/Teardrop, Falling leaf-like motility "Old's man face w/ eyeglasses"
Cyst: Cytoplasm retracted in cell wall; football shaped
Traveler's Diarrhea
Gay Bowel Syndrome
Malabsorption Syndrome/Steatorrhea
Duodenal Crypts
String Test/Enterotest
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Trichomonas tenax
buccal scrapings
Trophozoite: 2/3 undulating membrane, axostyle curved around nucleus, small cytostome
Nervous jerky movement
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Trichomonas hominis
Trophozoite: full body undulating membrane, axostyle extends beyond posterior part, clonical cytostome cleft
Nervous jerky movement
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Trichomonas vaginalis
vaginal discharge, urine
Trophozoite: Undulating membrane half of the body, axostylr coiled around nucleus, absence of cytostome but w/ granules
Rapid jerky movement
Pingpong Disease, Strawberry cervix
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Chilomastix mesnili
Trophozoite: Asymmetrically pear shaped, w/ spiral groove & cytostome "Shepherd's crook"
Cyst: "lemon cyst/nipple cyst"
Cork screw/ spiral jerky motility
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Enteromonas hominis
Trophozoite: body flattened on one side; 4 flagella
Cyst: Quadrinucleated in Binucleate condition
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Retortomonas intestinalis
Trophozoite: Cytostome extending halfway w/ well defined fibril
Cyst: Bird's beak nucleus
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Dientamoeba fragilis
Trophozoite: Broad hyaline-like Pseudopodia, Tetrakaryosome; Rosette shaped nucleus
Progressive & Directional Motility
NO CYST
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Leishmania
IH: Phlebotomus (Sandflies)
Developmental Stages: Amastigote, Promastigote
IS: Promastigote
DS: Amastigote
NNN, Montenegro Intradermal test, Napier's test & Chopra
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Trypanosoma brucei
IH: Glossnia (Tse-Tse Fly)
Developmental stages: Epimastigote, Trypomastigote, Metacyclic Trypomastigote
IS: Metacylic Trypomastigote
DS: Trypomastigote
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Trypanosoma cruzi
IH: Reduviid bug/Triatomine/Kissing Bug/Assassin bug
Developmental stages: Epimastigote, Trypomastigote, Metacyclic Trypomastigote, Amastigote
IS: Metacyclic Tryposmatigote
DS: Trypomastigote & Amastigote
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Trypanosoma gambiense
MOT: Salivary skin inocculation
West African Sleepins Sickness
Winterbottom sign
Kerandel sign
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Trypanosoma rhodesiense
MOT: Salivary skin inocculation
East African Sleeping Sickness
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Trypanosoma cruzi
MOT: Fecal transmission after skin inocculation
South American Trypanosomiasis
CHAGA'S Disease
Chagoma & Romana Sign
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Leishmania donovani
Spx: Aspiration
Visceral Leishmaniasis
Dumdum Fever/Black Disease/Kalazar Fever/Tropical Splenomegaly
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Leishmania tropica
Spx: Skin biopsy
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Aleppo/Delhi ulcer/Oriental sore/Baghdad ulcer
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Leishmania braziliensis
Spx: tissue biopsy
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
American leishmaniasis/Chiclero ulcer/Espundia
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Apicomplexa
IH: Man (IS: Sporozoite)
DH: Mosquito (IS: Gametocyte)
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P. falciparum
Malignant tertian malaria
RBC infected: All satges
Schizont: 8-36
Gametocyte: sausage/crescent shaped
Inclusion: Maurer's
Paroxysmic cycle: 36-48 hrs
Blackwater Fever
Sickle cell trait - resistant to P. falciparum
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P. vivax
Benign tertian malaria
RBC infected: young & immature
Trophozoid: Ameboid appearance
Schizont: 12-24
Inclusion: Shuffner's
Paroxysmic cycle: 48 hrs
Duffy (-) resistant to P. vivax
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P. malariae
Quartan malaria
RBC infected: Old RBCs
Trophozoite: Band trophozoite
Schizont: 6-12; in rosettes/fruit pie
Inclusion: Ziemann's
Paroxysmal cycle: 72 hrs
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P. ovale
Benign tertian malaria
RBC infected: young & immature
Trophozoite: resembles P. malariae but larger
Schizont: 8
Inclusion: James, Shuffner
Paroxysmal cycle: 48
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P. knowlesi
5th malaria
Similar to P. malariae; differentiated by PCR
Early stage resembles: P. falciparum
Inclusion: Sinton & Mulligan's
Paroxysmic Cycle: 24 hrs
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Babesia spp
DH: Animals (deers)
MOT: tick bite (Ixodes spp)
Maltese-cross formation on RBCs
Mistaken as P. falciparum ring
Nantucket Fever
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Toxoplasma gondii
DH: Cats
IH: Man
MOT: Ingestion of Oocyst
Retinochorditis, Stillbirth, Mental retardation
Sabin-Feldman dye test, IFA, TORCH test
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Cryptosporidium hominis
MOT: Ingestion of Oocyst
Diarrhea in AIDS px
Sheather sugar flotation, Modified acid fast
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Cyclospora cayetensis
MOT: Ingestion of Oocyst
Autofluoroscence
Cyanobacteria-like body
Modified acid fast
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Candida albicans
most common yeast isolate
#1 opportunistic pathogen in AIDS Px
Candidiasis/Moniliasis
Germ tube test (+) - no constriction
Cornmeal agar
Chlamydospore & Blastoconidia
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Cryptococcus neoformans
MOT: Inhalation of spores; pigeon droppings
Torulosis/European Blastomycoses/Buschke's Disease; Meningitis
"Star burst pattern in CSF"
India Ink (yeast w/ halo)
Niger seed agar - brown-black colonies
Blastoconidia
Inositol, Urease, Nitrate assimilation, Phenol oxidase (+)
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Aspergillus
2nd most isolated after Candida
long, dichotomous non-septate hyphae/condiophore
Farmer's Lung Disease; fungus ball appearance
Aflatoxin (Hepatoxin)
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Mucorales fungi
Rhizopus spp
Absidia
Mucor spp
MOT: Inhalation of conidia
tissue form: Nonseptate hyphae (coenocytic)
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Penicillum spp
"Penicillus" or brush-like conidiophore
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Fusarium
Sickle/canoe shaped, multiseptate macroconidia
Cottony/wooly frequently becoming pink or purple colony