DCUSH 1301 Final

Prince Henry of Portugal

-challenged established trading
-sponsered much exploration along west coast of Africa

Christopher Columbus

-spanish monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand funded italian merchant
-spain wasn't 100% on board with him initially
-discovery of new world in 1492

Treaty of Tordesillas

established a line of demarcation giving all lands discovered or to be discovered west of the line to spain and east of the line to portugal

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Elizabeth I

A queen of England- "The Virgin Queen"- who brought England back out of Catholicism and incorporated some Calvinist ideas into Anglicism

Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca

Spanish explorer who was shipwrecked in Texas and wandered for several years among American Indians

Jamestown

-first english settlement in america
-founded by virginia company in 1607
-initial settlers were inept and colonies struggled
-struggles pitted colonist against powhatan indians
-english made war, enslaved natives,confiscated unoccupied lands

Virginia Company

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.

Pilgrims

English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Anne Hutchinson

She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

William and Mary

Salem, Massachusetts

location of witch trials

Middle passages

millions of Africa were shipped to be slaves using these routes

Black Codes

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Enlightenment

-focused on new ideas and educational growth
-founding of colleges
-literary rates rose
-focused on more rational questioning and scientific progress

Isaac Newton

-defined laws of gravity

John Locke

-two Treatises on Civil Government
-natural rights: ideas of "life, liberty, and property"
-influences Declaration of Independence
-social contract

Benjamin Franklin

-embodied american spirit during enlightenment
-created "poor richard's almanack"
-founded debating clubs, libraries, hospitals, and college of Philadelphia
-experimented in electricity
-invented bifocal glasses, lightning rod, and franklin stove

Great Awakening

- christian rationalism based on morality and free will but rejected Calvinist belief that salvation came from grace of god
- religious revival ensues to bring people
-religious diversity increased in colonies
-new england:homogeneous(white, english, Puritan)
-new vigorous teachings increased participation and support
-old light(must be at church)
-new light(worship anywhere)

Harvard

first college-1636

Louisbourg

Strategic French fortress conquered by New England settlers, handed back to the French, and finally conquered again by the British in 1759

7-Years War

Fought in both continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in Indian and North America

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Fort Necessity

The fort which George Washington built in the Ohio Valley to protect the English from the French.

General Braddock

British commander in the French and Indian War. He was killed and his army defeated in a battle at the intersection of the Ohio, Allegheny, and Monongahela Rivers, known as the Battle of Fallen Timbers. After his death, his colonial second-in-command, Col. George Washington, temporarily lead the British forces.

Fort Duquesne

French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain

Proclamation of 1763

An order in which Britain prohibited its American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Sugar Act

law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies

Stamp Act

an act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799)

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Townshend Revenue Act

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Coercive Acts

This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soldiers in their own homes.

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

Treaty of Paris 1783

Treaty Between England and the Colonies , formally ended the American Revolutionary War

Currency Act

prohibited colonies from issuing paper money, destabilized colonial economy

First Continental Congress

Delegates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence

Second Continental Congress

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comitee to draft the Declaration of Independence

Lexington and Concord

April 8, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; April 19, 1775: 70 armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord)

Boston Tea Party

protest against increased tea prices in which colonists dumped british tea into boston harbor

Bunker Hill

(June 17, 1775) Site of a battle early in the Revolutionary War. This battle contested control of two hills (Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill) overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran-out of ammunition. "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!" Battle implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies

Paul Revere

American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818)

Hessians

German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.

Christmas Victory

-Battle of Trenton
-Washington led an attack on Hessians during a winter storm
-led many to extend their duty and inspired nearby militia to join

Saratoga

The turning point of the American Revolution. France decided to help the Americans.

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

Baron von Steuben

A stern, Prussian drillmaster that taught American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British.

Yorktown

1781; last battle of the revolution; Benedict Arnold, Cornwallis and Washington; colonists won because British were surrounded and they surrendered

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

Statute for Religious Freedom

Written by Thomas Jefferson; ended most state-established churches

Standing Army

a fighting force that is maintained in times of peace as well as times of war

John Jay

First chief justice of the Supreme Court

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

Shaysites

rebels who followed Daniel Shays in Shays Rebellion; rebel of debters who states weren't helping

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

Great Compromise

1787
*Called for a bicameral legislative system in which the House of Representatives would be based on population and the Senate would have equal representation in Congress
*Combined pieces of the New Jersey Plan, the Virginia Plan, and other proposals
*Included the Three-Fifths Compromise, which counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of apportioning representation and called for direct taxation on the states

The Federalist

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

The Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption.

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Republican Party

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Declaration of Independence

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Alien Act

1798 (JA), gave president authority to deport individuals whom he considered threat to US

Sedition Act

made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government

St. Domingue

a Caribbean French colony and the site of a slave revolt in 1791

Convention of 1800

Agreement which freed America from its alliance with France, forgave French $20 million in damages and resulted in Adams' losing a second term as president

Midnight Appointments

After 1800, the only branch left in the Federalists' hands was the Judiciary. On John Adam's last night as president he made last minute appointments for Federalists to judgeships. He did so in an attempt to maintain Federalist control of judiciary branch.

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Aaron Burr

one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New York, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President.

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

Merriwhether Lewis

Army captain appointed by President Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory and lands west to the Pacific Ocean

Embargo Act

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

William Henry Harrison

ninth president who died in office after giving a multi-hour long inauguration speech in the cold

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

James Monroe

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

Adams-Onis Treaty

Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Election of 1824

corrupt bargain -- Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.