Experiment 15: Urine

What is urine?

-filtrate from blood

-medium for excretion

-maintain water and acid-base balance

A substance used to preserve urine

Toluene

Normal volume output of urine daily

1 000 - 1 500 mL

Normal color of urine

Clear to transparent

Responsible for yellow urine pigment

Urochrome/Urobilin

Responsible for amber urine pigment

Uroerythrin

Smell of urine after allowed to stand for some time?

ammoniacal odor

Ammonia gets converted back to _____________ after urine is allowed to stand for some time

Urea

Oxidized urine becomes ammoniacal in odor and ____________ in pH

basic

Organic consituent of urine

Urea, uric acid, and creatinine

Inorganic constituent of urine

Uric acid and sodium urate

Specific gravity range of normal urine

1.015-1.025

Creatinine is a breakdown of what product?

Creatinine phosphate

What tests are used for detection of creatinine?

1. Weyl's test or nitroprusside test

2. Picric acid test or Jaffe's test

Reagent used for weyl's test

Sodium nitroprusside and NaOH

Positive result for weyl's test

Red ppt; color fades upon addition of acid

Reagent used for jaffe's test

Picric acid + NaOH

Positive result for jaffe's test

Red color

Test for detection of pigments

Ammoniacal zinc chloride test

Reagents used for ammoniacal zinc chloride solution

NH4OH + Zinc chloride

Positive result for ammoniacal zinc chloride test

greenish fluorescence and white ppt in clear solution

Other pigments normally present in urine

Urochrome/urobilin

Uroerythrin

Indican

Inorganic physiological constituents of urine

Sulfates, chlorides, and phosphates

Reagents for detection of sulfur

BaCl2 + HAc

Positive result for detection of sulfur

White ppt of BaSO4

Reagents for detection of chlorides

AgNO3 + HNO3

Positive result for detectionn of chlorides

White ppt of AgCl

Reagent used to precipitate earthly phosphates

Ammonium Hydroxide

Earthly phosphates

Ca and Mg

Alkali phosphates

Na and K

Reagent used to precipitate alkali phophates

Magnesia mixture

Which has larger amounts in urine, alkali or earthly phosphates

alkali phosphates

Pathologic constituents of urine

Albumin

Bile

Blood

Ketones

Pathologic constituents of urine is normally present, T or F?

F, normally absent

Test for detection of albumin

Coagulation test

Heller's ring test

Reagent used for coagulation test

acetic acid

Positive test coagulation test

Flocculent ppt

Reagent used for heller's ring test

nitric acid

Positive result for heller's ring test

white ring

Test for detection of glucose

Benedict's test

Result for benedict's test (from most concentrated to least)

Red

Yellow

Green

Blue

Test for detection of blood

Benzidine test

Reagent for detection of blood

Benzidine solution

Glacial acetic acid

3% H2O2

Positive result for benzidine test

Blue or green color solution

Test for presence of bile

Gmelin's test

Reagent used for gmelin's test

conc. nitric acid

Examples of ketone bodies

Acetoacetic acid

Acetone

b-hydroxybutyric acid

Test for ketone bodies

Legal's test

Reagent for legal's test

sodium nitroprusside + NaOH + acetic acid

Positive result for legal's test

persisitent ruby red color after addition of acid