Italian Renaissance Humanism: Causes and Effects; European Centralized Government: Causes and Impact; Empire Building and Expansion: Causes and Effects; African Slavery in the New World: Causes and Consequences; Commercial Revolution: Causes and Outcomes;

1. Evaluate the most significant cause of the humanism of the Italian Renaissance

fall of Constantinople 1453

petrarch used works like cicero from ancient greece to inspire his ideas on humanism

weathy familys like the medicis turned cities like florence, venice and rome into centers of learning

major cities became trading hubs bringing in works from different places

school of athens 1509-1511

2. Evaluate the most significant effect of the humanism of the Italian Renaissance

School of athens 1509-1511 (shift in focus to edu)

michalagelos david 1501-1504 (more realistic form of the body, people starded feeling proud of being a person symbolisming the addition of individualism with the humanist movement ren)

rise of studia humaticis (humanist cirriculum that help spread knew forms of edu to ppl)

Erasmus's Praise of the Folly (1509)(critizied church=humanists started to question authority, bringing conscience to ppl)

Evaluate the most significant cause of centralized government in Western Europe (1450–1650)

standing armies/professionals rather than nobility

henry 8th's act of supremacy

printing press

henry 4ths paulette(make nobility pay to have their heirs remain niobility)

unite under one religion (HRE, spain w/spanish inquisition)

4. Evaluate the most significant effect of centralized government in Western Europe (1450–1650)

allowed absolutism

itendants w/richelieu and louis 13th (enforces taxes and laws in each section of france

reduced noble power over areas paving way

for louis 14th (versailles) richelieu could activly bypass nobles

act of supremacy made them follow him rather than anyone else both in religion and on

creation of standing armies

creation of ropyal courts instead of feudal

7. Evaluate the most significant cause of empire building (1495–1600)

treaty of tordesillas

prince henry the navigator's school

adancement of navigational technology like the caravan

columbus voyage

vasco de gama -india

dutch ang english east india company

8. Evaluate the most significant effect of empire building (1495–1600)

mercantillism

cortez and pizarro conquest of native tribes=more gold weath

smallpox and other diseases 10 percent of pupulation left

horses and cattle and new animals into europe as well

navigation act 1651 -this earlier expansion of trade=policies like this to be set in place

9. Evaluate the most significant cause of Western European expansion (1450–1650)

henry the navigator (vasco de gama's route to india, establishing trading routes along the way)

hernan cortez and pizarro's empire taking over

mercantillism and companies like the dutch east india company to profit from overseas trade

caravel, astroblade, ect which helped revolutionized way of travel making it easier to explore and transport goods

ferd and isabella funding columbus

10. Evaluate the most significant effect of Western European expansion (1450–1650)

crops from america into europe helpiung diversify the agriculture and economy (potoatoes, tomatoes, and maize)

smallpox 90% of indigenous population

atlantic slave trade (bringing slaves from african nations to americas, working on mines, gold goes back to europe, that gold is used to get more slaves)

more mercantillsm in states

spread of christianity into americas (allowed by monarchs like spain)

englsih colonization of jamestown

11. Evaluate the most significant cause of African slavery in the New World

collapse of the encomienda system (exploerers convert indigenous to christianity, but w/less indigenous ppl it collapsed, causiong them to find another way to get laborers)

portuguese atlantic slave trade

triangular trading

establishment of sugar plantations in the caribbean and brazil

use of middle passage discovered by earlier explorers

12. Evaluate the most significant effect of African slavery in the New World

africans became a majority of population, bringing culture, music, religion, food into areas

cash crops like tabacco, sugar cane, and cotton were used to boost the economy back in europe=european states to depend on the production of these crops to continue the economy

the transatlantic slave trade revolutionized routes for later trade

13. Evaluate the most significant cause of the Commercial Revolution (1500–1700)

physical silver and gold coming to the europeans from the americas make wealth more liquid, stimulating econ

triangle trade after exploration to americas=new crop like potatoes, maize, and tomatoes, spices creating more commercial opportunity bc more items to trade and spread across europe and asia

london and amsterdam become centers of trade and finance with big amounts of banks

big companies like the dutch and english east india companies showed that counties focused more on trade by creation of companies to help control it

14. Evaluate the most significant effect of the Commercial Revolution (1500–1700)

spices, sugar, and tabacco opened up europeans to global trade market

dutch east india company , english east india company(helped long term growth of economy, boosting colonial adventures

wealthy merchant classes challenged aristrocracy fued early capitalist practices

navigation acts 1651 required goods to be transported on eng ships, control trade for mother contry provng that there was a lot of trade

15. Evaluate the most significant cause of the Protestant Reformation

indulgences -to fund st. peter basillica

95 theses to fight back

church engaged in simony (buying and selling church offices) church officials were greedy

printing press-allowed luthers ideas to spread unlike previous people like jan hus and john Wycliffe

praise of the folly -critizied church

16. Evaluate the most significant effect of the Protestant Reformation

diet of worms

hre unite under charles V leading to german peasant riots

peace of ausburg

30 years war

creation of the church of england

17. Evaluate the most significant cause of the Catholic and Counter Reformations

council of trent (acknowledged that there were issues with the church)

1545-1563

jesuits by ignatius loyola, spread cathgolism globally

index of forbidden words limited protestant ideas getting spread to catholics

priests, and bishops had to have better training and reside in their dioseces

18. Evaluate the most significant effect of the Catholic and Counter Reformations

council of trent

jesuits spread catholicism to asia, africa and americas broadening catholic influence

Caravaggio’s The Calling of Saint Matthew is a quintessential piece of Counter-Reformation art, using dramatic lighting and realism to emotionally engage viewers and reinforce Catholic teachings. (has religious figures depicted in it)

this srengthening further seperated cath from prot states = more conflicts like the french wars of religion and 30 yrs war

19. Evaluate the most significant cause of the creation of the Church of England

catholic church doesnt allow marrage

turned protestant to have divorce against catherine of aragon

act of supremacy officially seperacted england from the pope and the cath church

dissolution of monastaries=church property to loyal nobles

thomas cramer

20. Evaluate the most significant effect of the creation of the Church of England

book of common prayer

act of supremacy

persecution of others under mary I

Elizabethan Settlement: balanced prot and cath tension by saying they were all prot she is head of church but they can practice their own she is head of church

21. Evaluate the most significant cause of the War of the Three Henries (1587–1589)

st batholomews day massacre 1572

religious conflict between cath and huguenots

rise of cath league under henry of guise

henry III had no heir and henry of navarre would take over=protestant in charge of france

converted cath to end wars

22. Evaluate the most significant effect of the War of the Three Henries (1587–1589)

henry IV becoming king of france bring bourbans to crown

henry IV converting cath

edict of nantes

decline of cath leagues influence politically

25. Evaluate the most significant cause of the rise of absolutism

intendents

consolidation of power

versailles - showed how absolute monarchs recognized the threat of the nobility and wanted to keep them under watch to keep the most power

fronde- tax nobility = revolts like fronde which show that they wanted to lessen the power of nobility

paulette

mercantillism and tariffs under jean baptise colbert

26. Evaluate the most significant effect of the rise of absolutism

versailles and highly centralized governance

edict of fontanbleu that revoked edict of nantes that took away religious freedom-the monarchs wanted more power so they would get that by uniting nation religiously

eng civil war

glorious rev

27. Evaluate the most significant cause of the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714)

charles II of spain no heir so it would go to one of his relatives Phillip of Anjou who is related to louis 14th

france supported even though this disrupted the balance of powers

treaty of utretch (phillip II had to renounce any lay to the french throne)-showed as cause bc they had to include it in the treaty

taxes like the ones set in place by jean baptise colbert helped them fund permanent armies

28. Evaluate the most significant effect of the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714)

29. Evaluate the most significant cause of the War of Austrian Succession (1740–1748)

pragmatic sanction-charles 6th allowed daughter marie theresa to take crown after his death to continue hasburg legacy

frederick the great of prussia chose to invade silesia wanted to use military and further prussian influence-claimed he had old dynastic rights

other countries chose which side based on prior conflicts

30. Evaluate the most significant effect of the War of Austrian Succession (1740–1748)

31. Evaluate the most significant cause of the English Civil War (1642–1649)

laud put anglican prayer book on calvinist scots causing scotland to rebel bc he ignored parliment they didnt give him troops to fight back so he found hios own

ship tax

formation of long parliament-called bc he needed funds for war

rump parliament-voted to execute charles for being too authoritaian and not usuing goverment

32. Evaluate the most significant effect of the English Civil War (1642–1649)

33. Evaluate the most significant cause of the Glorious Revolution (1688)

34. Evaluate the most significant effect of the Glorious Revolution (1688)

35. Evaluate the most significant cause of mercantilism (1600–1750)

competiotion of countries

36. Evaluate the most significant effect of mercantilism (1600–1750)

39. Evaluate the most significant cause of the Scientific Revolution (1540–1700)

fall of constantinople

printing press

influence of islamic learning in medival univeristies shifting thoughts to be more based in knowledge of the body

bacon focusing on coming to conclusions on data rather than deductive reasoning

shift to scientific thought rather than religious based

formation of royal socities

40. Evaluate the most significant effect of the Scientific Revolution (1540–1700)

41. Evaluate the most significant cause of the Enlightenment (1680–1790)

newton and bacon shows that universe should be discovered through reason and experimentation

printing press

salons and coffeehouses

ratiobnal systems of governance-locke, hobbs

42. Evaluate the most significant effect of the Enlightenment (1680–1790)

43. Evaluate the most significant cause of Enlightened Absolutism (1750–1790)

voltaire and montesque critizing rulers through their letter in a diff perspective

they would use enlightenment to justify reforms saying it was for the ppl rather than themsleves -frederick the great of prussia called himslef the 1st servant of the state

after wars like 7 yrs and austrian successtion ruler wants to modernize economy, improve tax, centralize power and used enlightenment framework to modernize (jospeph II abolished serfdom, and modernized state code to make more productive)

bring religion under state control =catherine the great (rational administration rather than clerical)

were able to appeal to middle class by following enlightenment ideals

44. Evaluate the most significant effect of Enlightened Absolutism (1750–1790)