Yr 9 + Yr 10 Biology Content

Eukaryotic cells examples

Animal cell, plant cell

Prokaryotic cell example

Bacterial cell

What controls the cell’s activity?

Nucleus

Where do chemical reactions take place in the cell?

Cytoplasm

What controls what moves in and out of the cell?

Cell membrane

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

Mitochondria

Where does protein synthesis take place?

Ribosomes

What is a plant cell wall made of?

Cellulose

Where does photosynthesis take place?

Chloroplasts

What chemical makes plants green?

Chlorophyll

Part of a plant cell that contains cell sap

Vacuole

Type of cells without a nucleus but with DNA in a loop

Prokaryotic cells (e.g., bacteria)

What is a circular piece of DNA in bacteria called?

Plasmid

Specialized cell with many mitochondria

Muscle cell

How is a root hair cell specialized?

Large surface area for water and mineral absorption

Formula for magnification

Image size ÷ Actual size

1 mm in micrometres

1000 µm

Which microscope has higher magnification and resolution?

Electron microscope

Examples of Eukaryotic cells

Plant and animal cells

Standard form of 920000

9.2 × 10⁵

Standard form of 0.00025

2.5 × 10⁻⁴

Definition of tissue

Group of similar cells working together

Definition of organ

A group of tissues working together

Three features of gills, alveoli, and villi

Large surface area, thin walls, good blood supply

Organisms in extreme conditions

Extremophiles

Animals that hunt prey

Predators

Animals that eat plants

Herbivores

Animals compete for…

Food, mates, territory

Plants compete for…

Light, water, minerals, space

Grouping similar organisms

Classification

Linnaeus’s system

Binomial nomenclature

Woese’s three domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Linnaeus groups

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Three abiotic factors

Light, temperature, moisture

Three biotic factors

Predators, disease, competition

Adaptations may be

Structural, behavioural, functional

What makes plants green?

Chlorophyll

Equation for photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen

Symbol equation for photosynthesis

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Limiting factors for photosynthesis

Light, CO₂, temperature

Uses of glucose in plants

Respiration, cellulose, making fats, proteins, storage (starch)

Photosynthesis occurs in

Palisade mesophyll cells

CO₂ enters leaf through

Stomata

What controls stomata size?

Guard cells

Water and mineral movement in plants

Transpiration

Sugar movement in plants

Translocation

Features of xylem

Hollow tubes, lignified walls, one-way flow

Features of phloem

Living cells, companion cells, two-way transport

Diffusion describes movement

High to low concentration

Concentration difference is known as

Concentration gradient

Example of diffusion

Oxygen into blood

Osmosis is

Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane

Same solute concentration is called

Isotonic

More concentrated solution is called

Hypertonic

More dilute solution is called

Hypotonic

Movement against gradient is known as

Active transport

Difference between active and passive transport

Active requires energy, passive does not

Mitosis produces

Identical cells

Chromosomes are found in

Nucleus

Chromosomes are made of

DNA

Before division, DNA

Replicates

Mitosis is used for

Growth, repair, asexual reproduction

Undifferentiated cells are called

Stem cells

Adult stem cells are found in

Bone marrow

Can become any cell type

Embryonic stem cells

Faulty division leads to

Cancer

Localized tumour is called

Benign

Spreading tumour is called

Malignant

Cancer-causing agents are called

Carcinogens

Risks of stem cell therapy

Infection, rejection, cancer

Differentiation occurs early in…

Animals, throughout life in plants

Carbohydrates are made of

Sugars (e.g., glucose)

Lipids are made of

Fatty acids and glycerol

Proteins are made of

Amino acids

Enzymes do what?

Speed up reactions

Substrate fits into

Active site

Factors affecting enzymes

Temperature, pH

If conditions are not right, enzymes

Denature

Molecule fitting into an enzyme

Substrate

Test for starch

Iodine

Starch colour change with iodine

Orange-brown → Blue-black

Test for sugars

Benedict’s

Sugar colour change with Benedict’s

Blue → Brick red

Action needed before colour change in Benedict’s

Heat the mixture

Test for lipids

Sudan III or ethanol test

Indication of lipids present

Red layer or cloudy emulsion

Test for proteins

Biuret

Protein colour change with Biuret

Blue → Purple

Stomach acid function

Kills bacteria, helps digestion

Bile is made in the

Liver

Function of bile

Emulsifies fats, neutralises acid

Digestive process in small intestine

Digestion and absorption

Function of large intestine

Absorbs water

Enzyme in saliva

Amylase

Enzyme in stomach

Protease (pepsin)

Enzymes in pancreas

Amylase, protease, lipase

Enzymes in small intestine

Amylase, protease, lipase

Tube from mouth to stomach

Oesophagus

Circulatory system job

Transport substances

Double circulation means

Blood goes to lungs and body