NURS 314 Final Exam Vocab Terms

Chyme

Liquified acidic food product

Bile

**A bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid that aids digestion and is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.**

**Secretin and cholecystokinin from the small intestine**

Peristalsis

1. **Moves chyme along**
2. **Gradually decreases acidity**

Active transport

1. **Higher concentration to lesser**
2. **Carrier moves nutrients across the cell membrane**

Passive transport

1. **Particles move from higher to lesser concentration without carrier**

Osmosis

**Movement of water across a membrane to equalize pressure**

Pinocytosis

1. **Absorbing cell engulfs large nutrients** 

Anabolic

Building up

Catabolic

Breaking down

Elimination

**Chyme moves via peristaltic action and becomes feces to be excreted**

Calories per gram of protein

4

calories per gram of carbs

4

calories per gram of fat

9

Fat-soluble vitamins

A,D,E,K

Serum albumin level

3\.5-5.5 mg/dL

serum ferritin

a protein that stores iron

serum transferrin

an iron that transport protein

total binding capacity

How much space is left for iron binding

sarcopenia

decreased lean muscle mass/muscle atrophy

cachexia

**Dramatic weight loss/muscle atrophy seen in patients with chronic illness and age-associated failure to thrive syndromes** 

xerosis

**Dry, flaky skin common in older population because of decreased sebaceous gland activity** 

koilonychia

spoon-shaped, brittle nails

most often due to anemia

glossitis

smooth, “beefy”, red tongue

due to a decrease in B complex vitamins and iron

cheilosis

**Cracked lips, especially in corners of mouth**

pallor

loss of color

**Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity from anemia** 

**Iron, folate, and B12 deficiency**

paresthesia

Numbness, burning, tingling

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

aspiration

**Inhalation of fluids and solids into the airway**

enteral nutrition

**Patient has function GI tract**

**Flows into the GI tract through the stomach and then to small intestines**

**Generally because of swallow issues** 

parenteral nutrition

**A nonfunctional GI tract is common**

**Critical illness**

**Flows into the vascular system**

**Extended bowel rest/absorption issues**  

delayed gastric emptying

Delayed gastric emptying means the stomach takes too long to empty its contents

culture

learned and shared beliefs, values, norms, and traditions

oppression

a system of advantages and disadvantages tied to our membership in social groups

unconscious bias

**Bias that is unaware, out of our control, or influenced by personal background** 

cultural competence

**Healthcare that is culturally sensitive, appropriate, and competent to meet the patient/family/community needs**

transcultural nursing

**A comparative study of culture to understand their similarities and differences** 

intersectionality

**Describes the forces, factors, and power structures that shape and influence life** 

acculturation

**Transition from one culture and develops traits of another culture**

assimilation

**Individual adapts to the host’s cultural values and no longer has a preference of their original culture**

disease

**Malfunctioning biological or physiological processes**

health literacy

**The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and the services needed to make appropriate health decisions**  

family durability

**System of support and structure within a family that extends beyond the walls of the household**

spirituality

**An awareness of one’s inner self and a sense of connection to a higher being, nature, or some purpose greater than oneself**

faith

firm beliefs without evidence

allopathic

conventional western medicine

health

**A state of complete physical, mental, and social well being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity**

primary level of prevention

1. **Precedes disease**
2. **Health promotion and prevention**
3. **True prevention that lowers the chances that a disease will develop such as immunizations and screenings** 

secondary level of prevention

1. **Experiencing health problems or illness and are at risk for complications or worsening conditions**
2. **Treating early stages of disease and delaying advancing disease**

tertiary level of prevention

1. **Occurs when a defect or a disability is permanent or irreversible**
2. **Focus on rehab**

acute illness

1. **Short duration and severe**
2. **Reversible, abrupt, subsides**

chronic illness

1. **Persists longer than 6 months**
2. **Irreversible** 

maturational loss

1. **Necessary loss**
2. **Ex: leaving home, going to college, HS graduation**

situational loss

sudden or unexpected

perceived loss

the person defines the loss

ex: rejection by a friend

anticipatory grief

before the loss occurs, especially with chronic/terminal illness

disenfranchised grief

unable to grieve due to a lack of social acceptance

mourning

outward expression of grief

cheyne-stokes

rapid breathing with apneic periods

death rattle

secretions in the airway due to not being able to swallow

palliative care

1. **Focuses on the prevention, relief, and reduction of symptoms**
2. **Goal is to help achieve best possible quality of life** 
3. **Is not restricted to end-of-life care**

hospice care

1. **Care of terminally ill patients and their families/friends** 
2. **Prognosis of 6 months or less to qualify** 
3. **Goals: manage pain/provide comfort, ensure quality of life**

circadian rhythym

**Physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle**

reticular activating system

1. **Essential in stress response**
2. **Monitors and alters alertness as needed.**

insomnia

inability to sleep

sleep apnea

1. **Central, obstructive, and mixes**
2. **Can cause excessive daytime sleepiness**
3. **Lack of airflow through the nose and mouth for 10 seconds or longer** 

narcolepsy

1. **Dysfunctional sleep/wake states** 


1. **Sudden onset sleepiness/sleep**
2. **Cataplexy: muscle weakness when emotions**
3. **Sleep paralysis** 

parasomnias

1. **Sleepwalking, night terrors, nightmares, bed wetting, body rocking, bruxism** 

restless leg syndrome

1. **Agitation and movement of the legs**
2. **Described as an itching sensation**

bruxism

1. **Repetitive jaw movement**
2. **Grinding the teeth** 

stress

a process that evokes tension/anxiety

appraisal

how a person interprets a stressor

trauma

symptoms present beyond the stressor/experience

stress hormones

**Cortisol, thyroid, gonadal, parathyroid**

GAS stages

1. **Alarm reaction**
2. **Resistance stage**
3. **Exhaustion stage**

**A three-stage reaction to stress initiated by the pituitary gland**

alarm reaction

1. **CNS aroused, defenses mobilized**
2. **Epinephrine: HR, blood flow, oxygenation all increase, more mentally alert** 

resistance stage

1. **Stabilization phase after prolonged alarm stage**
2. **Attempt to conserve and repair** 
3. **Hormonal levels return to normal**
4. **PNS activity**

exhaustion

1. **Progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms if recovery not attained** 
2. **Decreased energy levels**
3. **Decreased physiological adaptation**

allostatic load

1. **Cumulative burden of chronic stress and life events**
2. **Chronic arousal causes wear and tear** 

coping

**Cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage stressors/crises**

ego-defense mechanism

**Unconscious attempts to regulate the emotional distress and provide protection**

PTSD

1. **Post traumatic stress disorder**
2. **An acute stress disorder that begins when a person experiences, witnesses, or is confronted with a traumatic event** 
3. **May include flashbacks**
4. **Depression and PTSD often occur together** 

ASD

1. **Acute stress disorder** 
2. **Similar to PTSD but shorter duration of symptoms** 

developmental crisis

1. **Occur as a person moves through stages of life** 
2. **Stress around normal transitions** 

situational crisis

**External sources such as a job change, motor vehicle crash, death, or severe illness provoke situational crisis**

adventitious crisis

**A major man-made disaster or a crime of violence**

morals

1. **Individual judgment about behaviors based on specific beliefs** 
2. **Guiding principles**

ethics

1. **The study of and creation of rules of conduct and character**
2. **Codes of conduct**
3. **Concerned with determining what is good or valuable for individuals and society at large and striving to maintain those standards**
4. **Morals in action**

autonomy

**Include patients in decisions**

beneficence

positive actions to help others

nonmaleficence

avoidance of harm or hurt

fidelity

agreement to keep promises

bioethics

branch of ethics within healthcare

constitutional law

1. **Taken from federal/state constitutions**
2. **Things such as the right to refuse treatment** 

statutory law

1. **Found in each state** 
2. **Criminal law: prevent societal harm; punishment for crimes** 
3. **Civil law: protect individuals and ensure fair treatment**  

nurse practice act

1. **Defines the scope of nursing practice and expanded nursing roles, sets educational requirements for nurses, and distinguishes between nursing and medical practice** 

felony

1. **A serious offense/significant harm** 
2. **Ex: misuse of a controlled substance or practicing without a license** 

misdemeanor

1. **A crime that does not inflict serious harm**
2. **Ex: “simple” patient assault, exposure** 

civil laws

1. **Protect the rights of individuals for fair and equitable treatment when civil wrongs or violations occur** 
2. **The consequences = damages in the form of fines or performance of good works such as public service**
3. **Ex: nursing negligence or malpractice**

ACA

1. **Affordable care act**
2. **Consumer rights and protection** 
3. **Increases access to care**
4. **Stronger Medicare** 

ADA

1. **Americans with Disabilities Act**
2. **Protects rights of people with physical or mental disabilities**