APUSH P4

What steps did the US take to gain power and respect on the world stage (trade, territory, war)?

Embargo Act and Non-Intercourse Act pressured Britain and France but damaged the US economy; Adams-Onís Treaty secured Florida and Anglo-American Convention (1818) split Oregon with Britain; War of 1812 fought over impressment ended in stalemate but boosted nationalism; Louisiana Purchase doubled US territory; Barbary Wars protected Mediterranean trade; forced removal of Indigenous Americans opened western land

How did the Monroe Doctrine shape foreign policy and reflect changing US power?

Declared Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization and warned against European interference; promoted US neutrality in European conflicts; showed increased confidence after War of 1812; linked to Latin American independence movements and later used to justify US intervention

What was the Market Revolution and how did it transform the US economy?

Shift from subsistence farming to a market economy with mass production; increased industrial production, urbanization, and regional specialization; growth of corporations, national markets, and expanded credit and banking systems

What were the four main causes of the Market Revolution?

Factory system increased efficiency (Samuel Slater’s textile mills, Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts); new technology like steam engines, telegraph, and mechanical reaper improved productivity; transportation like Cumberland Road, Erie Canal, and railroads connected regions; urbanization and immigration provided cheap labor; Lowell System and Fulton’s steamboat supported growth

What were three ways early presidents and parties debated federal power?

Foreign policy debates like Jefferson’s Embargo Act and neutrality; constitutionality of Louisiana Purchase expanding federal authority; Supreme Court cases like Marbury v. Madison (judicial review) and McCulloch v. Maryland (federal supremacy); Gibbons v. Ogden strengthened federal control of interstate commerce; Nullification Crisis showed state vs federal tension

How did democracy expand in the early 1800s?

Property requirements for voting were gradually eliminated to increase political participation; Dorr Rebellion showed demand for expanded suffrage; Market Revolution increased wage labor so more white men qualified; women and Black Americans remained excluded

How did expansion of voting impact politics and elections?

Political parties had to appeal to a broader electorate; Democrats favored limited government while National Republicans supported stronger federal power; Jackson appealed to the “common man” and won in 1828; voter turnout doubled by 1828 and reached ~80% by 1840; nominating conventions replaced caucuses

How did Jackson change executive power?

Used strong presidential authority in Nullification Crisis with Force Bill; vetoed Second Bank and created pet banks; enforced Indian Removal Act despite Worcester v. Georgia leading to Trail of Tears and Black Hawk War; vetoed internal improvements like Maysville Road; Specie Circular contributed to Panic of 1837; opposed by Whigs and supported states’ rights ideas

How did the Market Revolution reshape society and gender roles?

Created new classes (business elite, middle class, working class); separate spheres ideology confined women to domestic roles; working class wage labor seen as “wage slavery”; rise of nativism against Irish Catholics; women worked in Lowell Mills leading to Lowell Female Labor Reform Association and strikes; Commonwealth v. Hunt legalized unions; Know Nothing Party opposed immigrants

How did art and philosophy reflect a new national identity?

Romanticism emphasized emotion and nature (Hudson River School, James Fenimore Cooper); Transcendentalists like Emerson and Thoreau promoted individualism and connection to nature; authors like Hawthorne and Melville explored moral themes; growth of American cultural forms like spirituals and hymns

How did the Second Great Awakening reflect a changing American identity?

Emphasized moral reform and individual salvation through revivalism led by Charles Finney; spread through camp meetings in the “Burned-over District”; new religions like Mormonism founded by Joseph Smith and expanded under Brigham Young; growth of groups like Seventh Day Adventists and African Methodist Church

What were the effects of the Second Great Awakening?

Creation of utopian communities like Oneida and Brook Farm; rise of temperance movement to reduce alcohol; women’s rights movement began (Seneca Falls Convention, Declaration of Sentiments); expansion of public education led by Horace Mann; reform movements like Dorothea Dix’s prison/asylum reform and abolitionism through American Anti-Slavery Society

How did the American System attempt to unify the economy?

Henry Clay proposed federal funding for roads and canals, protective tariffs (Tariff of 1816, Tariff of 1828), and a national bank (Second Bank of the US); internal improvements like Erie Canal connected regions but increased sectional tensions

How did the Missouri Compromise reveal growing sectionalism?

Missouri entered as slave state and Maine as free state to maintain balance; 36°30’ line divided future territories; Tallmadge Amendment failed; showed deep conflict over expansion of slavery and only temporarily delayed sectional conflict

How did attitudes toward slavery differ between North and South?

South defended slavery as a “positive good” and superior to northern wage labor, emphasizing white supremacy; North saw rise of abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison and David Walker calling for immediate emancipation; American Colonization Society proposed relocating Black Americans to Liberia

How did enslaved and free Black Americans resist oppression?

Covert resistance like work slowdowns and maintaining culture; overt resistance like rebellions (Nat Turner, Gabriel Prosser); free Black activism through writings like David Walker’s Appeal and Frederick Douglass’ North Star; inspiration from Haitian Revolution