unit 7 vocab

Big Stick Diplomacy

Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy of using military power to influence international affairs.

Dollar Diplomacy

William Taft’s policy of promoting U.S. financial interests abroad to gain influence.

Moral Diplomacy

Woodrow Wilson’s approach emphasizing democracy and moral principles over economic or military intervention.

Boxer Rebellion

A violent uprising in China (1899-1901) against foreign influence, suppressed by an international coalition.

Chinese Open Door Policy

U.S. policy to ensure all nations had equal trading rights in China.

Gentlemen’s Agreement

A 1907 agreement limiting Japanese immigration to the U.S. in exchange for fair treatment.

Great White Fleet tour

Roosevelt’s show of U.S. naval power with a world tour from 1907-1909.

Hawaiian Annexation

The U.S. took control of Hawaii in 1898 after overthrowing its monarchy.

Insular Cases

Supreme Court decisions stating that full constitutional rights do not automatically extend to U.S. territories.

Jones Act

Granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans and promised independence to the Philippines.

Nicaragua--U.S. Marine Occupation

U.S. military intervention (1912-1933) to protect economic interests.

Panama Canal

A key waterway completed in 1914 to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Platt Amendment

A U.S. policy restricting Cuban sovereignty, allowing U.S. intervention.

Roosevelt Corollary

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine stating U.S. intervention in Latin America to maintain stability.

Root-Takahira Treaty

A 1908 agreement recognizing U.S. and Japan’s Pacific territories.

Secure Railroad Work in China

U.S. sought access to railroad-building opportunities in China.

Spanish-American War

A 1898 war resulting in U.S. control of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.

Tampico Incident

A 1914 conflict between the U.S. and Mexico over the arrest of U.S. sailors.

Teller Amendment

A U.S. declaration stating it would not annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Ended the Spanish-American War, granting the U.S. control over former Spanish territories.

Treaty of Portsmouth

Ended the Russo-Japanese War, mediated by Roosevelt.

Child Labor Act

A 1916 law banning the sale of goods made by child labor.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Strengthened antitrust laws, making monopolies illegal.

Elkins Act

A 1903 law preventing railroad rebates to large businesses.

Federal Farm Loan Act

Provided loans to farmers at low-interest rates.

Federal Reserve Board

Created in 1913 to regulate banks and control the money supply.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

A government agency to prevent unfair business practices.

Hepburn Act

Allowed regulation of railroad rates.

Mann-Elkins Act

Strengthened government regulation of railroads and telecommunications.

Meat Inspection Act

A 1906 law requiring sanitary conditions in meatpacking plants.

Newlands Reclamation Act

Funded irrigation projects in arid western states.

Payne-Aldrich Act

A controversial tariff law that angered Progressives.

Pure Food and Drug Act

A 1906 law requiring proper labeling of food and banning harmful substances.

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic policy focusing on consumer protection, controlling corporations and conservation.

16th Amendment

Allowed Congress to levy an income tax.

17th Amendment

Established direct election of U.S. senators.

18th Amendment

Prohibited alcohol.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote.

Jane Addams

Founder of Hull House and advocate for social reform.

Carrie Chapman Catt

Women’s suffrage leader.

Eugene V. Debs

Socialist leader and labor organizer.

John Dewey

Progressive educator and philosopher.

Theodore Dreiser

Author who exposed social injustices.

W.E.B. Du Bois

Civil rights leader and co-founder of the NAACP.

Charles Evans Hughes

Progressive reformer and Supreme Court justice.

Hiram Johnson

Progressive California governor.

Florence Kelley

Advocate for child labor laws.

Robert La Follette

Progressive senator from Wisconsin.

Henry Demarest Lloyd

Journalist exposing corporate corruption.

John Muir

Environmentalist and founder of the Sierra Club.

Alice Paul

Suffragist and equal rights advocate.

Frances Perkins

First female cabinet member and labor activist.

Gifford Pinchot

First chief of the U.S. Forest Service.

Jacob Riis

Photographer documenting urban poverty.

Upton Sinclair

Author of The Jungle.

Ida Tarbell

Muckraker exposing Standard Oil.

Margaret Sanger

Birth control advocate.

Lincoln Steffens

Journalist exposing government corruption.

Frederick W. Taylor

Developed scientific management to improve efficiency.

Booker T. Washington

Civil rights leader advocating economic progress for African American

Allied Powers

U.S., Britain, France, Russia, Italy.

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire.

Lusitania

British ship sunk by Germany, killing 128 Americans.

Zimmerman Telegram

German message urging Mexico to attack the U.S.

Fourteen Points

Wilson’s peace plan, including the League of Nations.

League of Nations

International peacekeeping organization the U.S. didn’t join.

Espionage & Sedition Acts

Laws suppressing anti-war speech.

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans to northern cities.

Red Scare

Fear of communism in the U.S.

Scopes Trial

1925 trial that challenged the constitutionality of teaching evolution in public schools

Black Tuesday

1929 stock market crash.

New Deal

FDR’s programs to combat the Depression.

Dust Bowl

Severe drought worsening the Depression.

Social Security Act

Created a safety net for the elderly and unemployed.