unit 7 vocab

• Big Stick Diplomacy – Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy of using military power (especially the navy) to influence international affairs.

• Dollar Diplomacy – William Taft’s policy of promoting U.S. financial interests abroad, especially in Latin America, to gain influence.

• Moral Diplomacy – Woodrow Wilson’s approach, emphasizing democracy and moral principles over economic or military intervention.

• Boxer Rebellion – A violent uprising (1899-1901) in China against foreign influence; suppressed by an international coalition including U.S. troops.

• Chinese Open Door Policy – U.S. policy to ensure all nations had equal trading rights in China, preventing colonial division.

• Gentlemen’s Agreement – A 1907 U.S.-Japan agreement limiting Japanese immigration to the U.S. in exchange for fairer treatment of Japanese Americans.

• Great White Fleet tour – Roosevelt’s show of U.S. naval power with a world tour (1907-1909) to assert dominance and influence.

• Hawaiian Annexation – The U.S. took over Hawaii in 1898 after overthrowing its monarchy, largely for economic and strategic reasons.

• Insular Cases – Supreme Court decisions ruling that full constitutional rights did not automatically extend to U.S. territories.

• Jones Act – Granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans (1917) and promised eventual independence to the Philippines (1916).

• Nicaragua--U.S. Marine Occupation – U.S. military intervention (1912-1933) to protect economic interests and maintain political stability.

• Panama Canal – A key waterway (completed 1914) built by the U.S. to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans for trade and military movement.

• Platt Amendment – A U.S. policy restricting Cuban sovereignty after the Spanish-American War, allowing U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs.

• Roosevelt Corollary – Roosevelt’s addition to the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the U.S. would intervene in Latin America to maintain stability.

• Root-Takahira Treaty – A 1908 agreement between the U.S. and Japan recognizing each other’s Pacific territories and interests.

• Secure Railroad Work in China – The U.S. sought access to railroad-building opportunities in China to extend economic influence.

• Spanish-American War – A 1898 war where the U.S. defeated Spain, gaining control of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.

• Tampico Incident – A 1914 conflict between the U.S. and Mexico over the arrest of U.S. sailors, escalating tensions with Mexico.

• Teller Amendment – A U.S. declaration stating it would not annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

• Treaty of Paris (1898) – Ended the Spanish-American War, giving the U.S. control over former Spanish territories like Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

• Treaty of Portsmouth – Ended the Russo-Japanese War (1905); mediated by Roosevelt, who won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts.

Progressive Era (Late 19th - Early 20th Century Reforms)

• Child Labor Act – A 1916 law banning the sale of goods made by child labor; later overturned by the Supreme Court.

• Clayton Antitrust Act – Strengthened antitrust laws, making monopolies and unethical business practices illegal.

• Elkins Act – A 1903 law preventing railroad rebates to large businesses, ensuring fair rates.

• Federal Farm Loan Act – Provided loans to farmers at low-interest rates.

• Federal Reserve Board – Created in 1913 to regulate banks and control the money supply.

• Federal Trade Commission (FTC) – A government agency to prevent unfair business practices and monopolies.

• Hepburn Act – Allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroad rates.

• Mann-Elkins Act – Strengthened government regulation of railroads and telecommunications.

• Meat Inspection Act – A 1906 law requiring sanitary conditions in meatpacking plants, inspired by Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle.

• Newlands Reclamation Act – Funded irrigation projects in arid western states.

• Payne-Aldrich Act – A controversial tariff law (1909) that failed to lower tariffs significantly, angering Progressives.

• Pure Food and Drug Act – A 1906 law requiring proper labeling of food and medicine and banning harmful substances.

• Square Deal – Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic policy focusing on consumer protection, controlling corporations, and conservation.

• 16th Amendment – Allowed Congress to levy an income tax.

• 17th Amendment – Established direct election of U.S. senators.

• 18th Amendment – Prohibited alcohol (later repealed by the 21st Amendment).

• 19th Amendment – Granted women the right to vote.

Progressive Era Figures

• Jane Addams – Founder of Hull House; advocate for social reform.

• Carrie Chapman Catt – Women’s suffrage leader.

• Eugene V. Debs – Socialist leader and labor organizer.

• John Dewey – Progressive educator and philosopher.

• Theodore Dreiser – Author who exposed social injustices.

• W.E.B. Du Bois – Civil rights leader and co-founder of the NAACP.

• Charles Evans Hughes – Progressive reformer and Supreme Court justice.

• Hiram Johnson – Progressive California governor.

• Florence Kelley – Advocate for child labor laws.

• Robert La Follette – Progressive senator from Wisconsin.

• Henry Demarest Lloyd – Journalist exposing corporate corruption.

• John Muir – Environmentalist and founder of the Sierra Club.

• Alice Paul – Suffragist and equal rights advocate.

• Frances Perkins – First female cabinet member; labor activist.

• Gifford Pinchot – First chief of the U.S. Forest Service.

• Jacob Riis – Photographer documenting urban poverty.

• Upton Sinclair – Author of The Jungle.

• Ida Tarbell – Muckraker exposing Standard Oil.

• Margaret Sanger – Birth control advocate.

• Lincoln Steffens – Journalist exposing government corruption.

• Frederick W. Taylor – Developed scientific management to improve efficiency.

• Booker T. Washington – Civil rights leader advocating economic progress.

• Allied Powers – U.S., Britain, France, Russia, Italy.

• Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire.

• Lusitania – British ship sunk by Germany, killing 128 Americans.

• Zimmerman Telegram – German message urging Mexico to attack the U.S.

• Fourteen Points – Wilson’s peace plan, including the League of Nations.

• League of Nations – International peacekeeping organization (U.S. didn’t join).

• Espionage & Sedition Acts – Laws suppressing anti-war speech.

• Great Migration – Movement of African Americans to northern cities.

• Red Scare – Fear of communism in the U.S.

• Scopes Trial – 1925 trial over teaching evolution.

• Black Tuesday – 1929 stock market crash.

• New Deal – FDR’s programs to combat the Depression.

• Dust Bowl – Severe drought worsening the Depression.

• Social Security Act – Created a safety net for the elderly and unemployed.