AP Euro Units 1-5

Units 1-5

\_________ employed techniques such as multiple views of the same object, fragmented forms in flat jagged shapes, and two-dimensional space without linear perspective.

Cubism

\__________ dissolved the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and replaced it with the Confederation of the Rhine.

Napoleon

\__________ Humanism was the Renaissance belief that participation in public affairs was essential for societal development, and that individuals should not cut themselves off from society to study the world.

Civic

\__________ style art involved idealized portrayals of aristocratic play using soft pastels.

Rococo

\__________ were men who believed civil order was France's first priority following the French Wars of Religion.

politiques

\___________ was the Renaissance artistic characteristic where even religious and mythological figures looked like everyday, ordinary people.

humanism

\____________ trade referred to the economic network of goods and slaves between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Triangular

\_____________ was the greatest of the northern humanists.

Erasmus (of Rotterdam)

\_____________, a Renaissance value, could be defines as the study of humanist and exploration of human potential.

humanism

\_____________, exemplified by Bismarck, means that governments should be guided by practical interests rather than ideology.

Realpolitik

\____________, derived from the French for revenge, has come to mean any nation feeling that it has been wronged diplomatically and seeking to restore lost territory.

Revanchism

\___________, a literary and artistic movement of the early nineteenth century, insisted on the value of emotions as well as of reason.

Romanticism

\___________, despite being a nominally Catholic nation, joined Protestant forces in the Thirty Years War in an attempt to delay German unification.

France

\__________, a French women's rights advocate, fought for the application of the Rights of Man and Citizen to women.

Olympe de Gouges

\_________, an leading English humanist, wrote "Utopia" to criticize English society in his time and imagine an ideal world to strive for.

Thomas More

\________'s Cubist masterpiece "Guernica" commemorates the bombing of a basque town during the Spanish Civil War.

Picasso

"\_______ \_______," a massacre of peaceful protesters, shattered the illusion that Tsar Nicholas was a paternal father figure unaware of the suffering of his people.

Bloody Sunday

"I know that society may be formed so as to exist without crime, without poverty, with health greatly improved, with little, if any misery, and with intelligence and happiness increased a hundredfold; and no obstacle whatsoever intervenes at this moment except ignorance to prevent such a state of society from becoming universal." This quotation best illustrated the ideology of which form of socialism?

Utopian

"Leviathan," written by Thomas Hobbes, argued that an (all powerful monarch/elected parliament) is needed to keep order in society.

all powerful monarch

"Pointilism," a technique in which small, distinct dots of pure color are applied in patterns to form an image, is most likely a subset of which artistic movement?

Impressionism

(Anderson/Monter) argued that the encroachment of church and state into personal life, fear, and the dreaded patriarchy all contributed to the witch hunting hysteria of the seventeenth century.

Monter

(Bernini/Titian) created the baroque style sculpture, "The Ecstasy of St. Theresa."

Bernini

(Blitzkrieg/Dreikaiserjahr) refers to the year in which Germany transitioned between three emperors.

Dreikaiserjahr

(Burckhardt/Nauert) developed the "traditionalist" view of the Renaissance - that it was strikingly distinct from the Middle Ages and clearly a superior civilization.

Burckhardt

(Burke/Chabod) argued that Machiavelli's writings mark a turning point in the Western world, in that the minds of political theorists were no longer fettered by Catholic dogma.

Chabod

(Burke/Nauert) argued the "reformist" view of the Renaissance - that it was an evolution of medieval European society.

Burke

(Cameron/Elton) argued that the success of the Reformation was dependent on political support.

Elton

(Cameron/Holborn) argued that the Reformation was a parallel movement of both lay scholars' ambitions and reformer's protests.

Cameron

(Christine de Pizan/Theresa de Avila) was a strong advocate for a more expanded social/political role for women.

Christine de Pizan

(Dalí/Magritte) painted "Son of Man," "The Human Condition," and "The Treachery of Images"

Magritte

(El Greco/Vermeer) painted "Girl with a Pearl Earring."

Vermeer

(Elba/St. Helena) was an unwise choice for Napoleon's exile in 1814 because it was close enough to France that Napoleon escaped and rallied his armies again.

Elba

(Florence/Venice), led unofficially by the Medici family, was the artistic and financial epicenter of the Renaissance.

Florence

(Frederick the Great/Catherine the Great), an Enlightened Absolutist, freed serfs on noble land, though not throughout the kingdom.

Frederick the Great

(Friedrich/Ozment) argued that the Reformation had a variety of social and cultural impacts besides religious changes.

Ozment

(Genoa/Locarno), a European conference, was meant to be inclusive of Germany and the USSR, but in actuality treated both as pariah states and caused them to draw together in secret negotiations at Rapollo.

Genoa

(Holbein/Bruegel) is famous for his late Renaissance depictions of vast landscapes, peasant life, and violent incidents.

Bruegel

(Italy/Poland) was not a "Revisionist Power" in the 1920s/1930s.

Poland

(Kepler/Galileo) later used mathematics and technology to prove Copernicus' theories, much to the chagrin of the Catholic Church.

Galileo

(Napoleon III/Kaiser Wilhelm) won the Franco-Prussian War.

Kaiser Wilhelm

(Rembrandt/Delacroix) is not known for his baroque art.

Delacroix

(Rembrandt/Rubens) painted "The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp."

Rembrandt

(Rubens/Holbein) is famous as a pioneer in portraiture art; he painted Thomas More, Henry VIII, and Thomas Cromwell.

Holbein

(Russell/Holborn) argued that the main cause of the 30 Years War was political maneuverings, not religious zeal.

Holborn

(Trevelyan/Durand) argued that absolutism as an actual political system was a myth.

Durand

(Vermeer/Hooch) painted "Maternal Care."

Hooch

A main tenet of Calvinism is \___________, or the belief that one is bound for either heaven or hell from birth.

predestination

A Netherlands revolt broke out against King \__________ because of political centralization efforts by Madrid.

Philip II

A primary goal of Elizabeth I was to stabilize the \________ dynasty and defend against foreign threats.

Tudor

According to Martin Luther, the authority to define true Christian belief came from individual interpretation of the (Bible/ Catholic canon)

Bible

According to which form of communism should proletarians seek the violent overthrow of the bourgeois class?

Marxist Communism

After Cromwell's Commonwealth, England experienced a backlash against standing armies and (Catholics/Puritans).

Puritans

After the disaster of the Thirty Years War, which family regained power by conquering a new empire, largely at the expense of the Ottomans?

Hapsburgs

After which decisive victory over the Austrians in 1806 did Napoleon commission the Arc de Triomphe?

Austerlitz

All of the goals of the Chartist movement were eventually achieved in Great Britain by the early twentieth century except (annual parliamentary elections/the secret ballot).

annual parliamentary elections

Artists in the \_____________ style attempted to capture the initial fleeting effect that occurs when one first sees and object.

Impressionist

As a result of leading the Counter Reformation for a century, Spain experienced (greater national unity/declining industry and economy).

declining industry and economy

Bishop Bossuet advocated a political policy of \___________, in which a monarchy has the right to total authority.

absolutism

Bismarck's "Kulturkampf" was an attack on German (liberals/Catholics).

Catholics

Bismarck's greatest fear for Germany was that France and \_________ would form a military alliance.

Russia

By concentrating land in the hands of a relatively small class of landlords, the English enclosure acts (increased/decreased) the productivity of land and farm labor.

increased

Calvin introduced an element of lay control over his Church while (encouraging/suppressing) freedoms in daily life.

suppressing

Cartier, Cabot, and Columbus sought an all water route to \________.

Asia

Charles V inherited the Netherlands, Southern Italy, New World colonies, and the throne of which major European power in 1519?

Spain

Charles XII of Sweden lost most of his Baltic Empire to Prussia and which other nation?

Russia

Civic humanist (Coluccio Salutati/Lorenzo Valla) proved the Donation of Constantine to be a forgery.

Lorenzo Valla

Classical economics supported a (free/command) economy everywhere.

free

Classical liberalism entailed written constitutions in continental Europe, freedom of the press, and (limited/universal) male suffrage.

universal

Colbert saved French monarchical finances by following a strict policy of \_____________.

mercantilism

Coming out of the Thirty Year's War, Brandenburg-Prussia's trade was inhibited by it (lack of ports/weak government).

lack of ports

Copernicus developed the \_____________ theory.

heliocentric

Costly wars against the French and British, as well as the loss of New World colonies to stronger powers, factored into the decline of which former cultural and economic power of the seventeenth century?

Dutch Republic

Count Kaunitz's Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 reversed traditional relationships, which resulted in Austria allying itself with (Britain/France) and Prussia with (Britain/France) against each other.

France, Britain

Degas, Manet, Renoir, and (Monet/Friedrich) worked in the Impressionist style.

Monet

Delacroix's famous painting "Liberty Leading the People" illustrated a (realistic/romantic) view of the French Revolution.

romantic

Due to the Colombian Exchange, population rates (rose/dropped) steadily due to new staple crops.

rose

During the \_____________ of the Church, the pope was transferred from Rome to Avignon, where he was regarded as a tool of France.

Babylonian Captivity

During the eighteenth century, "enlightened people" typically imagined God as a (force that dwells within us/inconceivably intelligent watchmaker.)

inconceivably intelligent watchmaker

During the first half of the fifteenth century, the Council of \___________ reunited Roman Catholicism, rooted out heresy, and discussed reform.

Constance

During the reign of Charles I, the \___________ Church in England struggled against Puritans and nonconformists.

Anglican

During the Renaissance, (Venice/Florence) was controlled by a Doge and a council of twelve.

Venice

During the Second Industrial Revolution, which two powers began to surpass Britain in industrial output?

Germany and the US

During the Spanish age known as the \____________, between 1500 and 1600, Spain enjoyed political power and an artistic flowering.

Siglo de Oro

During the Spanish Silgo de Oro, Philip II defeated the (English/Ottoman) fleet.

Ottoman

During the Thirty Years War, the Edict of (Nantes/Restitution) proclaimed that all Catholic lands seized by the Protestants post 1555 would be returned.

Restitution

During World War I, more jobs were available to women at a(n) (equal/lower) pay than men.

lower

Education during the Renaissance began to group students by \______ and level of achievement.

age

Emancipation of the Russian serfs in 1861 resulted in the peasants' land becoming (personal property/collective property of the village commune).

collective property of the village commune

English cultural elites found the writings of Herbert Spencer, a Social Darwinist, appealing because he justified their success and (opposed/supported) social welfare.

Social Darwinism

Europe dominated native American groups from 1492 onward because of their superior technology, the disunity and diversity of the natives, and \__________ that they brought over from Europe, which killed 90% of the native population.

diseases

Europe's (Commercial/Agricultural) Revolution after 1500 was caused by rapid population growth and a steady rise in prices.

Commercial

Even after the creation of the Dual Monarchy in 1967, \________ continued to experience political fragmentation along nationalistic lines.

Austria

Female historians Boxer and Quataert argued that the Reformation (benefitted/hurt) women because of the lack of saints in Protestantism.

hurt

Finance was always the weakest point of the French monarchy because the King could raise taxes without consent only by exempting which class of society?

nobility

For the most part, the new factories in Britain during the late eighteenth century required (unskilled/skilled) labor.

unskilled

Friedrich's painting "Wanderer Above the Mists" best exemplifies the artistic movement of (Impressionism/Romanticism).

Romanticism

From the 1770s to the 1870s, which country was the unchallenged industrial leader of the world?

Britain

Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church because of the advice of \_____________, which benefited Henry because he gained confiscated Church lands and enhanced loyalty among his supporters in Parliament.

Thomas Cromwell

Historians Laslett and (Monter/Ariés) argued that children had become a more integral part of the family.

Ariés

Historians often hold up \___________ - painter, musician, poet, and inventor - as the ideal "Renaissance Man."

Leonardo da Vinci