Studied by 3 people
Briefly give the five main functions of the skeleton.
provides a shaping framework for support and posture, protects the internal organs, allows movement, produces red blood cells, stores minerals
Which two bones are found in the lower leg?
tibia and fibula
Which two bones are found in the forearm?
radius and ulna
Which set of bones run the length of the back?
vertebrae
Which bone protects the brain?
cranium
Which bones protect the heart and lungs?
ribs
The muscles attach to the bones to create what?
lever systems
What are synovial joints?
freely movable joints where two or more bones articulate.
How do synovial joints allow friction-free movement?
they have a joint capsule to strengthen the joint and synovial fluid
What is a ligament?
tissue which connects bone to bone and stabilises joints
What is a tendon?
tissue which connects muscle to bone and transmits muscular forces to move bones
What is articular cartilage?
tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones
What are the three purposes of articular cartilage?
prevent friction, absorb shock, protect bone surface
What are the two hinge joints in the body?
elbow and knee
What three bones articulate at the elbow?
humerus, radius, ulna
What two bones articulate at the knee?
femur and tibia
Give two examples of a ball-and-socket joint in the body.
shoulder and hip
What two bones articulate at the shoulder?
scapula and humerus
What two bones articulate at the hip?
pelvis and femur
What is the function of white fibrocartilage?
absorbs shock and helps bones to fit together smoothly
What is flexion?
a decrease in joint angle
What is extension?
an increase in joint angle
What is abduction?
movement away from the body
What is adduction?
movement towards the body
What is rotation?
movement around a limb’s long axis
What is circumduction?
combination of movements allowing a continuous circular movement of a limb
Briefly describe how muscles create movement.
generate a force by contacting, force transfers to the bones by tendons, create a lever system
What are the three main types of muscle?
agonist, antagonist, fixator
What is an agonist?
muscle which creates movement
What is an antagonist?
muscle which coordinates movement
What is a fixator?
muscle which stabilises a part of the body during movement
Which two muscles are found in the upper arm near the humerus?
biceps and triceps
Which muscle is found in the lower leg behind the tibia?
gastrocnemius
Which movement is created by the abdominals?
flexion
Which movement is created by the latissimus dorsi?
adduction
What is a lever system?
coordination of bones and muscles to create movement
What are the four main component parts of a lever system?
lever, fulcrum, effort, load
What is the order of components in a first class lever?
effort, fulcrum, load
What is the order of components in a second class lever?
fulcrum, load, effort
What is the order of components in a third class lever?
fulcrum, effort, load
Which class of a lever system is the most efficient and why?
second class because it has the mechanical advantage
What is a plane of movement?
3D movements at a joint
What are the three planes of movement?
sagittal, frontal, transverse
Give two movements at the sagittal plane.
flexion and extension
Give two movements at the frontal plane.
abduction and adduction
Give a movement at the transverse plane.
rotation
What are the three axes of rotation?
longitudinal, frontal, transverse
Describe the systemic circuit in the circulatory system.
moves oxygenated blood from the heart around the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Describe the pulmonary circuit in the circulatory system.
moves deoxygenated blood from the heart around the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart
What are the three types of blood vessel?
arteries, capillaries, veins
Give the function of an artery.
moves oxygenated blood from the heart to muscles and organs
Give the function of a capillary.
gas exchange around muscles and alveoli
Give the function of a vein.
moves deoxygenated blood at low pressure back to the heart
What is heart rate (HR)?
number of heart contractions per minute
What is stroke volume (SV)?
volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat
What is cardiac output (Q)?
volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute
What is haemoglobin?
iron-rich protein found in red blood cells which transports oxygen in bloodstream
What are alveoli?
clusters of tiny air sacs covered in capillaries which allow gas exchange
What is gas exchange?
movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and the bloodstream
What is breathing frequency (f)?
number of inspirations/expirations per minute
What is tidal volume (TV)?
volume of air inspired/expired per breath
What is minute ventilation (VE)?
volume of air inspired/expired per minute
What are the two muscles responsible for inspiration and expiration at rest?
diaphragm and intercostals
What is aerobic exercise?
raises heart/breathing rate which can be sustained over time
What is anaerobic exercise?
pushes the performer to maximum and can lead to being out of breath and fatigued
Give two short-term responses of exercise in the muscular system.
increased muscle temp and increased lactic acid
Give two short-term responses of exercise in the cardiovascular system.
increased HR/SV/Q and redistribution of blood flow to muscles
Give two short-term responses of exercise in the respiratory system.
increased f/TV/VE and increased volume of oxygen to muscles
Give three long-term responses of exercise in the skeletal/muscular systems.
increased bone density, increased muscular strength, increased muscular endurance
Give five long-term responses to exercise in the cardiovascular system.
hypertrophy of the heart, decreased resting heart rate, increased cardiac output, increased recovery speed, capillarisation
Give three long-term responses to exercise in the respiratory system.
increased aerobic capacity, increased strength of respiratory muscles, increased tidal volume
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Flashcard (43)