1.1 - Applied Anatomy and Physiology

Briefly give the five main functions of the skeleton.

provides a shaping framework for support and posture, protects the internal organs, allows movement, produces red blood cells, stores minerals

Which two bones are found in the lower leg?

tibia and fibula

Which two bones are found in the forearm?

radius and ulna

Which set of bones run the length of the back?

vertebrae

Which bone protects the brain?

cranium

Which bones protect the heart and lungs?

ribs

The muscles attach to the bones to create what?

lever systems

What are synovial joints?

freely movable joints where two or more bones articulate.

How do synovial joints allow friction-free movement?

they have a joint capsule to strengthen the joint and synovial fluid

What is a ligament?

tissue which connects bone to bone and stabilises joints

What is a tendon?

tissue which connects muscle to bone and transmits muscular forces to move bones

What is articular cartilage?

tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones

What are the three purposes of articular cartilage?

prevent friction, absorb shock, protect bone surface

What are the two hinge joints in the body?

elbow and knee

What three bones articulate at the elbow?

humerus, radius, ulna

What two bones articulate at the knee?

femur and tibia

Give two examples of a ball-and-socket joint in the body.

shoulder and hip

What two bones articulate at the shoulder?

scapula and humerus

What two bones articulate at the hip?

pelvis and femur

What is the function of white fibrocartilage?

absorbs shock and helps bones to fit together smoothly

What is flexion?

a decrease in joint angle

What is extension?

an increase in joint angle

What is abduction?

movement away from the body

What is adduction?

movement towards the body

What is rotation?

movement around a limb’s long axis

What is circumduction?

combination of movements allowing a continuous circular movement of a limb

Briefly describe how muscles create movement.

generate a force by contacting, force transfers to the bones by tendons, create a lever system

What are the three main types of muscle?

agonist, antagonist, fixator

What is an agonist?

muscle which creates movement

What is an antagonist?

muscle which coordinates movement

What is a fixator?

muscle which stabilises a part of the body during movement

Which two muscles are found in the upper arm near the humerus?

biceps and triceps

Which muscle is found in the lower leg behind the tibia?

gastrocnemius

Which movement is created by the abdominals?

flexion

Which movement is created by the latissimus dorsi?

adduction

What is a lever system?

coordination of bones and muscles to create movement

What are the four main component parts of a lever system?

lever, fulcrum, effort, load

What is the order of components in a first class lever?

effort, fulcrum, load

What is the order of components in a second class lever?

fulcrum, load, effort

What is the order of components in a third class lever?

fulcrum, effort, load

Which class of a lever system is the most efficient and why?

second class because it has the mechanical advantage

What is a plane of movement?

3D movements at a joint

What are the three planes of movement?

sagittal, frontal, transverse

Give two movements at the sagittal plane.

flexion and extension

Give two movements at the frontal plane.

abduction and adduction

Give a movement at the transverse plane.

rotation

What are the three axes of rotation?

longitudinal, frontal, transverse

Describe the systemic circuit in the circulatory system.

moves oxygenated blood from the heart around the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart

Describe the pulmonary circuit in the circulatory system.

moves deoxygenated blood from the heart around the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart

What are the three types of blood vessel?

arteries, capillaries, veins

Give the function of an artery.

moves oxygenated blood from the heart to muscles and organs

Give the function of a capillary.

gas exchange around muscles and alveoli

Give the function of a vein.

moves deoxygenated blood at low pressure back to the heart

What is heart rate (HR)?

number of heart contractions per minute

What is stroke volume (SV)?

volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

What is cardiac output (Q)?

volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute

What is haemoglobin?

iron-rich protein found in red blood cells which transports oxygen in bloodstream

What are alveoli?

clusters of tiny air sacs covered in capillaries which allow gas exchange

What is gas exchange?

movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and the bloodstream

What is breathing frequency (f)?

number of inspirations/expirations per minute

What is tidal volume (TV)?

volume of air inspired/expired per breath

What is minute ventilation (VE)?

volume of air inspired/expired per minute

What are the two muscles responsible for inspiration and expiration at rest?

diaphragm and intercostals

What is aerobic exercise?

raises heart/breathing rate which can be sustained over time

What is anaerobic exercise?

pushes the performer to maximum and can lead to being out of breath and fatigued

Give two short-term responses of exercise in the muscular system.

increased muscle temp and increased lactic acid

Give two short-term responses of exercise in the cardiovascular system.

increased HR/SV/Q and redistribution of blood flow to muscles

Give two short-term responses of exercise in the respiratory system.

increased f/TV/VE and increased volume of oxygen to muscles

Give three long-term responses of exercise in the skeletal/muscular systems.

increased bone density, increased muscular strength, increased muscular endurance

Give five long-term responses to exercise in the cardiovascular system.

hypertrophy of the heart, decreased resting heart rate, increased cardiac output, increased recovery speed, capillarisation

Give three long-term responses to exercise in the respiratory system.

increased aerobic capacity, increased strength of respiratory muscles, increased tidal volume