Studied by 4 peopleThe first migrants to america are believed to have arrived how?
Via bering land bridge
What are the early advanced civilizations?
Maya in Yucatan Peninsula, Aztecs in central mexico, and Incas in Peruvian andes
What was the capital of the Aztec empire?
Tenochtitlan
What religion did the early civilizations of america have?
Animism
What are th causes of European exploration?
Technology improvements, spreading religion, expanding trade routes, and development of nation states
Who is siad to have discovered America?
Christopher Columbus in 1492 came to the bahammas
What is the columbian exchange?
It is the transfer of crops, animals, technology, and diseases between the new world and the old world
What is the treaty of tordesillas?
1494 Spain and Portugal divided the new world. Spain got the West and Portugal got the East
How did the protestant reformation lead to people moving to the new world?
To become free from the roman catholic church people moved west to worship in a protestant way
What did spanish conquistadors do?
They went to the new world to conquer natives, take the riches and convert them to catholocism
What is the encomienda system?
It gave spaniards land grants and whatever that was on the land was that person's property, including the natives on the land.
What was the spanish's caste system?
Spanish, spanish decendants, europeans, slaves/natives
Who conquered the aztecs?
Hernando cortes
Who conquered the incas?
Francissco Piazarro
What disease was brought into the new world from the old world?
Small Pox
What crop increased populations in the old world that came from the new world?
Maize/corn
What native group was in the north east?
Algonquin
Which native group was in the south west?
Pueblo
What native group was in the East?
Iroquois
What joint-stock company did Henry Hudson have?
The Dutch West India Company
What was the competition between countries?
To have power you needed lots of gold and sliver and lots of land
Where were the spanish settlements in North America?
Florida, New mexico, Texas, and California
What was the pueblo revolt?
The Imposing encomienda system and aggressive conversions to catholicism led the natives to fight the Spanish causing the natives to take control of the region until years later when the Spanish reclaimed the land.
What was the economy of New Englad colonies?
Ship building, fishing, merchants, fur trade
What was the climate of the chesapeake colonies?
Swampy
What colonies make up the chesapeake colonies?
Virginia and Maryland
What year was Jamestown founded?
1607
What was the first permenant english colony in America?
Jamestown, Virginia
How did Jamestown be founded?
King James I charted the virginia company to found jamestown
What is a joint-stock company?
Investors that would fund the trips and supplies for the new world in order to make profit
What were the early colonists of Jamestown?
Single Men
What was the cause for the early settlers to come to Jamestown?
They were hoping to find gold just as the spanish did, but did not find any
What caused early death in the Jamestown colony?
People wouldn't work because they were looking for gold and didn't know how to find food. There were many deaths because of dysentary and malaria outbreaks that were facilitated through the swampy area.
When were the starving times of James town?
1607-1609
How did Jamestown survive?
Captain John Smith lead the colonists to survive using the rule if you don't work you don't eat
Who was John Rolfe?
He was the person that was able to make the James town colony profitable through the export of tabacco
What eventually happened to Jamestown?
The virginia company went bankrupt and King James I took the charter and took direct control over the colony. Which is now known as Virgina, it is England's first royal colony.
When was maryland founded?
1632
Who was granted control of maryland?
George Calvert a catholic noble
What was Maryland known for?
It was known for its religious tolerance for mainly catholics
What is the maryland act of toleration?
1649, the first colonial statue granting religious freedom to all catholics.
What was the chesapeake colonies economy?
Tabacco cash crop
What colonies were in New England?
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, connecticut, new hampshire
What year was plymouth massachusetts found?
1620
What were the Plymouth colonists motivated by?
Religion, specifically the escape of religious persecution in england
What were the colonists of plymouth?
They were the pilgrims, that came in family units
What religion were the pilgrims?
The were Puratains, which meant they wanted to purify the church from within
What was the name of the boat the pilgrims came to america on?
The mayflower
What was the mayflower compact?
an early agreement to work together the pilgrims of plymouth made
What are seperatists?
Radical dissenters that wanted to seperate from the church of england
What is predestination?
The idea that only certain people can make it to heaven
When was the massachusetts bay colony found?
1630
Who led the massachusetts bay colony?
John Winthrop
What was the goal of John Winthrop?
it was to create a perfect society, a city upon the hill that is a beacon of light that purifys the world
What is the great migration?
1650, 15000 settlers migrated to the bay colony due to religious and political conflicts in England
When was Rhode Island found?
1644
Who found rhode island?
Roger Williams and Anne Hutchison
Who is Roger Williams?
He was banished from Massachusetts bay because he disagreed with taking native land and having religion in the government and founded Rhode island with religious freedom and recognized the rights of natives
Who is Anne Hutchinson
Banished because she thought that anyone who worshiped god would go to heaven and she spoke out about treatment of women, she founded another colony in rhode island.
When was connecticut founded?
1665
What is rhode Island known for?
It is known for its religious freedom and acceptance of natives
What is the fundamental orders of connecticut?
1639, the first written constitution in the colonies, establishing a representative government elected by popular vote and a govern chosen by legislator
Why was New hampshire created?
1679, King Charles II wanted to reexert control in the area
How did the north farm?
It farmed throgh substinence farming, only farming enough for families to eat
What is the halfway covenant?
Because of the decline in members of the puratains due to their strict rules, they allowed for partial church membership even if the peopl had not felt aconversion.
Why was women returning to the puratain church important?
Because it convinced men to come
What are the middle colonies known for?
Breadbasket, had lots of grain/wheat
What was the religious tolerance in the middle colonies?
The religious tolerance was high
What is georgia?
A military buffer for the spanish colony in florida
What were indentured servants?
A person in debt or poor that would be sent over to america to do free labor to work off debts and they would gain some things and a free trip over
What was the headright system?
it was a way to encourage people to come to the new world by the rich paying for people to come to the new world and they would gain land
What is the virginia house of burgesses?
the earliest representative assembly that was controlled by the elite wealthy men
What were new england town meetings?
they were created to debate local issues and to elect members to colonial legislators this was controlled by male members of the puratain church
What is the trans atlantic trade/ triangular trade system?
A trade system that connected America, Europe and Africa
What would happen from America to Africa on the triangular trade?
A ship would leave New England carying rum to west africa, trading this for captive slaves and gold
What would happen from Africa to the west indies on the triangular trade?
Enslaved africans would endure the treachurous middle passage to the west indies where they were traded for sugarcane
What would happen from the west indies to new england on the triangular trade?
The sugarcane would go to new england to make more rum
What is mercantilism?
an economic theory that a country's wealth and power were determined by how much more it exported than imported
What good did the french benefit from in america?
Fur
What good did england benefit from in america?
Tobacco
What good did spain benefit from in america?
Gold
What was the role of the different europe powers' colonies in mercantilism?
Their role was to import raw materials to the mother country to promote that countries industries
What are the navagation acts?
They are regulations placed on english colonies, saying they can only trade with england.
What did the colonists do due to the navagation acts?
They smuggled in goods
Why was it hard to enforce the navagation acts?
Because england was far away from amaerica
What is salutary neglect?
Because England was busy with european conflicts they loosened up enforcement on the colonies
Which colony did England take away the charter for because it was the center of smuggling during salutary neglect?
Massachusetts bay colony
How did King James II increase royal control over the north region?
He combined the new england colonies, new york, and new jersey into the dominion of New england
Who was sir edmund andros and why was he hated?
he was the govenor of the dominion of new england and levied taxes, limited town meetings, and revoked land titles of colonists
Who dominated the slave trade in the 15th century?
Portugeuese
How many africans were forcibly transported through the middle passage to north america by 1807?
400,000
What is metacom's war (king philips war)?
It is a war between natives from the wampanoag and the colonist because the colonists kept moving onto the natives land, the colonists won and beheaded metacom (king philip)
What is bacon's rebellion?
a rebellion against the corrupt william berkley because he was ignoring their grivances about native attacks because they moved west.
What did Bacon's rebellion demonstrate?
It demonstrated class tensions and resistance to royal control.
What are the examples of native resistance towards colonizers?
Pueblo revolt, king phillips war
What is Chattel slavery?
It is slavery where they are bread and sold like cattle
What are the slave codes?
Made slavery a permanent condition, defined as property, inherited through their mother, could not own land, could not learn how to read or write
How did african slaves resist slavery?
Daily acts of resistance, escaping, maintaing culture and traditions, rebellion
What was the stono rebellion?
An african slave rebellion that resulted in harsher slave codes and the slaughter of many african slaves.
What is pluralism?
a diversity of beliefs, ethnicities, races, religions, and ideas
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