Psychology module 9-16

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37 Terms

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neuron

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system, communication within brain

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Multiple sclerosis

Communication to muscles slows with eventual loss of muscle control caused by myelin sheath degeneration

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Action potential

electrical charge that travels down axon

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resting potential

positive charge ions outside of axons membrane and negative inside

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axon

The surface is selectively permeable. Can be depolarized when fired

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Refractory period

Period of inactivity after a neuron has fired

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Threshhold

The level of stimulation required to trigger a neutral impulse(action potential)

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Order of lobes from front, over top

Frontal-parietal-occiputal- temporal

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Frontal Lobe

Front of brain behind forehead. Functions: planning, voulantary movement, personality traits,

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Motor Cortex

Rear of frontal lobes, control voluntary movement

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Somatosensory cortex

Front of partial lobes, registers & processes body touch & movement sensations

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Association areas

Most of brains cortex, involved in learning, remembering, thinking, & other higher level functions

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Glial cells

support, nourish, & protect neurons. Role in learning & thinking. Glial cells make myelin sheath(fatty tissue layer that holds axons (transmission & growth)

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Localization of functions

What parts of the brain do(function) branch off from phrenology.

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Synapse

Space between neurons, synaptic gap in between cells

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Myelin Sheath

Speed conduction of action potential(hopping of myelin sheaths gaps), protects neurons from electrical signals from other neurons from entering axon. Fatty cells.

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Random Assignment

Assignment of sample into two groups(experimental & control) in experimental studies, By chance

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Random sample

Gives all participants equal opportunity of participating in experiment, ind. from larger population to represent populaiton as a whole

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Brain Stem

consists of medulla, controls basic functions such as breathing and heartbeat

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Thalamus

Sesnory input system, ex smell

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Cerebellum

involved with coordination, sends input to motor Cortex

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Electroencephalagram(EEG)

Electrodes taped to the outer head, shown in graphs to show neuron firing/ electrical patterns. Neuronal activity

<p>Electrodes taped to the outer head, shown in graphs to show neuron firing/ electrical patterns. Neuronal activity</p>
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Areas of brain that affect language

Left hemisphere(Broca’s & Wernicke’s area)

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Difference of Wernicks vs. Broca’s area

Broca’s produce speech & Wernicks comprehend speech. Damage can lead to aphasia

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Lower parts of brain

Brain stem

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contra lateral hemispheric organization

opposite brain hemisphere side for opposite body functions & visual fields

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Kinds of inattention

Blindness, change blindness(not noticing changes of environment) & choice blindness(thinking two choices which are the same are different due to prior knowledge but not noticing)

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Right hemisphere

involved in facial recognition, perception, cues, left body side movement,

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Reticular activitation(formation)

Involved in arousal and consciousness within brain stem, filters relevant information, involved in sleep cycles

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Neurotransmitters and their functions

ACh, dopamine, glutamate, endorphins, noneprphremine, epinephrine, serotonin, 

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Ach(acytocline) function & malfunctions

Enables muscle action, learning, and memory. Malfunctions: ACh-producing neurons deteriorate, Alzheimer’s disease

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Dopamine

Influenced movement, learning, attention, & emotion. Malfunctions: oversupply=schizophrenia; under supply=tremors & decreased mobility in Parkinson's disease

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Seretonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, & arousal. Malfunction: Under supply=depression, antidepressants raise serotonin levels

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Norepinephrine

Helps control alertness & arousal. Malfunctions: undersupply=depressed mood

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GABA(gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A major inhibitory transmitter. Undersupply=seizures, tremors, & insomnia

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Glutamate

Exitatory neurotransmitter. Oversupply=overstimulate brain, producing migraines or seizures(MSG, monosodium glutamate in food)

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Transduction

The transformation of one form of energy to another, typically stimuli signals into neutral impulses in our body. Three steps include receive, transform, & deiliver