Mental & Physical Health - Unit 5

Positive Psychology

the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Disorders affecting brain development and function (such as ADHD and Autistic spectrum disorder)

Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders

A range of psychological disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

Mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

Bipolar Disorder

Mood disorder with extreme highs and lows.

Trauma-and stress related Disorders

a group of mental disorders distinguished by their origin in stressful events (PTSD and acute stress disorder).

Anxiety Disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. (including panic disorder, agoraphobia, etc.)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Condition with unwanted repetitive thoughts and actions.

Feeding and Eating Disorders

Characterized by persistent disturbance of eating behavior, leading to altered consumption or absorption of food that significantly impairs physical health and/or psychosocial functioning.

Somatoform Disorders

Physical symptoms without a medical cause.

Dissociative Disorders

Disorders involving disconnection from reality.

Cluster A Personality Disorders

Odd or eccentric behavior patterns. (Panic and Schizoid and Schizotypal)

Cluster B Personality Disorders

Dramatic or erratic emotional responses. (Histrionic and Borderline and Narcisisistic, Antisocial)

Cluster C Personality Disorders

Anxious or fearful behavior patterns. (Avoidant, dependent, OCDPD)

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Humanistic Therapy

focuses on the value, dignity, and worth of each person; holds that healthy living is the result of realizing one's full potential

Psychodynamic Therapy

Explores unconscious processes influencing behavior.

Depression

A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness

Health psychology

the subfield of psychology concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health (psychoneuroimmulogy)

Stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

hypertension

higher than normal blood pressure (can be genetic and/or due to diet and stress)

eustress

A positive stress that energizes a person and helps a person reach a goal (optimal arousal theory)

Distress

a negative stress that can make a person sick or can keep a person from reaching a goal

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Stressful or traumatic experiences, including abuse, neglect, and a range of household dysfunction, such as witnessing domestic violence or growing up with substance abuse, mental disorders, parental discord, or crime in the home.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Fight-flight-freeze response

an involuntary, physical response to a sudden and immediate threat (or stressor) sympathetic response.

tend and befriend

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others

problem-focused coping

a strategy to deal with stress by tackling a stressful situation directly such as making to-do lists, or fixing...

emotion-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction such as listening to music or taking a bath.

Resilience

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

Signature Strengths & Virtues

Character strengths and virtues that are personally fulfilling, intrinsic to one's identity, and contribute to the collective well-being. (wisdom, courage, Humanity, Justice, Temperance, Trancendence).

Dysfunction

Impaired or abnormal functioning

Stigma

a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person.

DSM-5

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

Eclectic Approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Maladaptive

anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life

biopsychosocial model

perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual's health

diathesis-stress model

Diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

Delusions

false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness

Hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

disorganized psychotic symptoms

Jumbles of thoughts and speech (word salads, inability to focus on one thing at a time. Erratic movements or inappropriate affect.

catatonic stupor

an immobile, expressionless, coma-like state associated with schizophrenia

Negative symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that are less than normal behavior or an absence of normal behavior; poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production

dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

argues that delusions, halucinations, and agitation associated with schizophrenia arise from either too much dopamine or from oversensitivity to dopamine in the brain

specific phobia

a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function

arachnophobia

an excessive fear of spiders

acrophobia

fear of heights

Agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

panic attack

a sudden episode of extreme anxiety that rapidly escalates in intensity

Panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning

Taijin kyofusho (TKS)

a kind of social phobia characterized by a terrible fear of offending others through awkward social or physical behavior, such as staring, blushing, giving off an offensive odor, having an unpleasant facial expression, or having trembling hands

Ataque de nervios ("attack of nerves")

similar to panic disorder, but may include symptoms like aggression/screaming and suicidal impulses

insomnia

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)

an anxiety disorder characterized by social withdrawl flashbacks: haunting memories, nightmares, Hypervigilance: jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia, that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Psychotherapy

ongoing treatment involving psychological techniques with a therapist listening to a client and working to resolve mental and emotional distress.

Deinstitutionalization

moving people with psychological or developmental disabilities from highly structured institutions to home- or community-based settings

psychotropic medication therapy

involves the use of medications to treat mental health disorders by affecting brain chemistry, aiming to alleviate symptoms and improve functioning

Nonmaleficence

duty to do no harm

Free Association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

systematic desensitization

A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Exposure therapy

An approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response (behavioral therapy)

Biofeedback

the use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function

Person-centered therapy

Therapy method in which the client, rather than the counselor, primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility. (Humanistic insight therapy)

Active-listening

empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of client-centered therapy

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

anitdepressants

Used for the treatment of Depressive Disorders

SSRIs, Tricyclics, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

Lithium

Li - used to treat bipolar disorder

antianxiety medications

drugs that help reduce a person's experience of fear or anxiety. Typically depressants that increase GABA

antipsychotic medication

tranquilizer such as Haldol or Clozapine; or prescribed to relieve symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations

tardive dyskinesia

A side effect of long-term use of traditional antipsychotic drugs causing the person to have uncontrollable facial tics, grimaces, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue.

psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior (such as lobotomy)

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

the use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain. (replacement for ECT)

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

cognitive triad of depression

the view that depression derives from adopting negative views of oneself, the environment or world at large, and the future