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Norms
A society’s understood rules for accepted and expected behavior.
Conformity
Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
Normative social influence
Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
Informational social influence
Influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.
Obedience
Complying with an order or a command.
Social facilitation
Improved performance on simple tasks and worsened performance on difficult tasks in the presence of others.
Social loafing
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling efforts toward a common goal.
Deindividuation
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
Group polarization
The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion.
Groupthink
When the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
Culture
Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group.
Tight culture
A place with clearly defined and reliably imposed norms.
Loose culture
A place with flexible and informal norms.
Aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone.
Frustration-aggression principle
The principle that frustration creates anger, which can generate aggression.
Social script
A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.
Mere exposure effect
The tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them.
Passionate love
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another.
Companionate love
The deep affectionate attachment for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
Equity
A condition where people receive in proportion to what they give.
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
Bystander effect
The tendency for a bystander to be less likely to give aid if others are present.
Social exchange theory
The theory that social behavior is an exchange process aiming to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
Reciprocity norm
An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
Social-responsibility norm
An expectation that people will help those needing their help.
Conflict
A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
Social trap
A situation where two parties become caught in mutually destructive behavior by pursuing self-interest.
Mirror-image perceptions
Mutual views often held by conflicting parties, viewing each other as ethical and peaceful versus evil and aggressive.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.
Superordinate goals
Shared goals that override differences among people and require cooperation.
GRIT
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction; a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.
