Functional Groups & IUPAC Nomenclature & Molecular Representation

Alkanes

• Alkanes are a class of hydrocarbon compounds with a general formula of CnH2n+2.

• Naming the Alkane will be named the prefixes first according to the number of carbon atoms and then the -ane.

Alkyl

• Alkyls have the formula of CnH2n+1.

• Name the alkyl by prefixes and -yl.

Alkenes

• Alkenes have the formula of CnH2n.

• Name the alkene by prefixes and -ene.

• Double bond is present

Alkynes

• Alkynes are hydrocarbons that have a triple bond between a pair of carbon atoms.

• Alkynes have a general formula of CnH2n-2.

• Name the prefix and then -yne.

Aromatic Hydrocarbons Compounds

• The simplest aromatic hydrocarbon compound is Benzene (C6H6).

• Combination of the numbers = need the lowest number

Alky Halides

Where the R in the general form is typically an alkyl group with a halogen replacing one of the hydrogens.

Alcohol (hydroxyl)

• have a structure of R-OH and need alkyl to be attached. - anol

• name the Alkyl first and then “alcohol” of the prefix according to how many carbons and then -nol.

Ether

• Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group (functional group)

• an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups — of general formula R–O–R'

Amine

• Amines are organic compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair.

• functional group in carbon

• Amine has a structure of R-NH2

Carbonyl compounds

• Compounds that have only carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbonyl

• Compounds that contain an electronegative atom bonded to the carbonyl

• Carbonyl carbons are sp2 hybridized, trigonal planar

Carbonyl (aldehyde)

• Aldehydes have a structure of R—CHO.

• prefixes of 1 carbon compound will be form- and 2 carbons compounds is acet-.

Carbonyl (Ketone)

• The formula is R-CO-R', So there can be up to 2 alkyls in one Ketone.

• Example : CH3-CO-CH3 is named Acetone.

Carboxylic Acids

• are compounds containing a carboxy group (COOH).

• The structure of carboxylic acids is often abbreviated as RCOOH or RCO2H, the central carbon atom of the functional group is doubly bonded to one oxygen atom

Carboxylic acid

derivatives are compounds that yield carboxylic acids upon hydrolysis.

Esters

• Formed when an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid.

• condensation reaction

• Reverse reaction = Ester hydrolysis

esterification

The condensation reaction between the hydroxyl group and the carboxylic acid

Nomenclature

• Named after alcohol & carboxylic acid

• Names of esters end in –oate.

Ester hydrolysis

• Ester + water = carboxylic acid + alcohol

• Breakdown of an ester by water.

• Process sped up by catalysis

• Can use an acid to catalyse (H2SO4)

• Alkali catalysts can also be used producing a carboxylate salt is formed.

Condensation reaction

two molecules reacting to form a larger molecule with the elimination of a small molecule such as water

Acid Halides- Nomenclature

• Derived from the carboxylic acid names.

• Change the suffix -ic acid to -yl halide.

• Change the suffix -carboxylic acid to -carbonyl halide.

Acid Anhydrides- Nomenclature

• change acid to anhydride

• If symmetrical, change the acid ending of the carboxylic acid to the word anhydride.

• If groups are different, list the names of the two acids alphabetically and add the word anhydride.

Amides

• are neutral nitrogen-containing compounds.

• contain carbonyl groups, which is directly connected to nitrogen

Amides- Nomenclature

• change –ic acid (common name) to –amide

• replacing the -carboxylic acid ending with -carboxamide

Nitriles, RC≡N

Closely related to carboxylic acids named by adding -nitrile as a suffix to the alkane name, with the nitrile carbon numbered C1