Research Methods

A set of flashcards outlining key vocabulary and concepts in research methods.

Population

Any complete set of observations or potential observations.

Real Population

All potential observations are available at the time of sampling.

Hypothetical Population

All potential observations are not accessible at the time of sampling.

Sample

Any subset of observations from a population.

Representative Sampling

Sampling that aims for the sample to reflect the population parameters closely.

Random Sampling

A sampling method where each person from the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Convenience Sampling

Sampling that uses participants who are readily available rather than those from the entire population.

Selection Biases

When a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population are less likely to be included.

Random Assignment

A procedure that ensures each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any experimental group.

Validity in Research

The extent to which the results of a study are accurate and applicable.

External Validity

The extent to which findings generalize to the broader population.

Internal Validity

The extent to which a study can demonstrate that its findings are free from alternative explanations.

Ecological Validity

The extent to which findings can be applied to real-world settings.

Case Study

An intensive investigation and observation of an individual.

Observational Studies

Research that involves observing behaviors in a natural setting.

Survey Studies

Research that involves asking a large number of people about their self-reported attitudes or experiences.

Experimentation

Research method that involves manipulating variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships.

Ethics in Psychological Research

Guidelines to ensure research is conducted with respect for participants, including informed consent and confidentiality.

Protected Populations

Groups that require special ethical considerations in research, such as children, mentally disabled individuals, and prisoners.