pharmacology

Guaifenesin__ is an example of a(n)

a	Expectorant
b	Antitussive
c	Bronchodilator
d	Mucolytic agent

a, expectorant

Which of these drugs is available OTC as an antitussive?

a	Codeine
b	Dextromethorphan
c	Hydrocodone
d	Butorphanol

b,dextromethorphan

Guaifenesin__ is an example of a(n)

a	Expectorant
b	Antitussive
c	Bronchodilator
d	Mucolytic agent

a, expectorant

Which of these drugs is available OTC as an antitussive?

a	Codeine
b	Dextromethorphan
c	Hydrocodone
d	Butorphanol

b,dextromethorphan

An expectorant is a drug that acts to

a	Suppress a productive cough
b	Liquefy and dilute viscous secretions in the respiratory tract
c	Suppress inflammatory cells in the respiratory tract
d	Reduce the allergic component of respiratory disease

b

An asthmatic cat may receive which of the following for primary bronchodilatory effects?

a	Histamine
b	Digoxin
c	Prednisone or Prednisolone
d	Theophylline or Aminophylline

d

Which drug would be best for a productive cough?

a	Butorphanol
b	Hydrocodone
c	Guaifenesin
d	Diphenhydramine

c

Drug used to treat Tylenol toxicity

a	Butorphanol
b	Acetylcysteine
c	Guaifenesin
d	Diphenhydramine

b

What is the most common electrolyte imbalance from loop diuretic administration?

hypokalemia

List one inflammatory or allergic condition that would benefit from the use of glucocorticoids/steroids 

allergic pneumonia

Respiratory stimulant used to stimulant respirations for neonates or anesthesia 

a	Atropine
b	Epinephrine
c	Butorphanol
d	Doxapram/Dopram

d

What type of urine helps prevent formation of & encourages dissolution of struvite crystals?

	Acidic
	Basic

acidic

Bethanecol promotes voiding of urine from the bladder, what is the class of the drug which you can see side effects due to its class of drug such as salivation, urination, lacrimation, defecation?

a	Cholinergic
b	Anticholinergics
c	Adrenergic agents
d	Adrenergic antagonist agents

a

Prazosin decreases urethral sphincter tone & is used to help decrease urethral spasm post urethral blockage, what is the class of the drug?

a	Cholinergic
b	Anticholinergic
c	Adrenergic agonist
d	Adrenergic antagonist agent

d

Methionine can be added to regular diet to cause the following:

a	Decreased urinary tone
b	Urinary acidification (lowers pH)
c	Crystalluria
d	Urinary alkalinization (increases pH)

b

When diethylstilbestrol (DES), a synthetic estrogen, is used at higher doses, it can have the potentially dangerous side effect of ________________

a	Gastric ulceration
b	Cardiac arrhythmias
c	Bone marrow suppression
d	Hepatopathy

c

Which group of drug includes Allopurinol which is used in canines with ammonium urate uroliths (Dalmatians are overrepresented)?

a	Urinary acidifiers
b	Loop diuretics
c	Osmotic diuretics
d	Xanthine oxidase inhibitors

d

A 7.3 kg dog needs Diphenydramine.  The formulary you have suggests 5 mg/kg IM.  Your bottle has a concentration of 10mg/ml.  How many milliliters will you give?    

7.3kg/1 x 5mg/1kg = 36.5mg
36.5mg x 1ml/10mg=3.65ml

3.65ml

A 66 lb English Bulldog has been diagnosed with epilepsy. The veterinarian's order for phenobarbital is 2mg/kg BID.  How many 1 grain (65mg) tablets will you dispense for this dog for 2 weeks of therapy?

a	23 tablets
b	28 tablets
c	30 tablets
d	23.5 tablets

b

A female Maine Coon is admitted for a hospitalization. The patient weighs 12 lbs and the veterinarian asks you to give Ketamine HCl at 0.5 mg/kg IM. How many mg of Ketamine will the cat receive? How many ml will you administer if the concentration of Ketamine is 100 mg/ml?

12lb x 1kg/2,2lb=5.45 kg
5.45kg x 0.5mg/1 kg=2.72mg
2.72mg

2.72mg x 1ml/100mg=0.027ml

0,027ml

A rabbit needs 500 micrograms/kg of 1% ivermectin solution.  If the rabbit weighs 2 lb, how many milliliters of ivermectin should be given?

a	0.45 mL
b	1.0 mL
c	0.045 mL
d	0.0045 mL

c (1% = 1g/100mL or 10mg/mL

500mcg = 0.5 mg since 1000 mcg in 1 mg

2lb = 0.91 kg * 0.5 mg/kg = 0.455 mg divide by concentration of 10mg/mL = 0.045 mL )

A 22-lb. dog with moderate heart failure will be treated with pimobendan at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg sid for two weeks. The tablets to be used are 5 mg. How many will you dispense?

22lb x 1kg/2,2lb=10kg x 0.5mg/kg=5mg x 1tablet/5mg=1 tablet x 14 days =14 tablets

answer-14 tablets

A 30-lb dog will be treated with Cerenia for vomiting associated with pancreatitis. The dosage for Cerenia is 0.1mg/kg administered subcutaneously. The Cerenia solution contains 1 mg/ml. How much will you draw up?

30lb x 1kg/2.2lb=13.63 x 0.1mg/kg=1.36mg x 1ml/mg=1.36ml

answer- 1.36ml

Which is the emetic class of choice for cats due to their higher number of receptors in this class examples within this class include Xylazine, Dexmedetomidine?

a	Dopamine
b	Alpha 2 Adrenergic agonist
c	Anticholinergic
d	Cholinergic

b

The neurokinin(NK-1) receptor antagonist that helps with acute vomiting and vomiting due to motion sickness is called

a	Meclizine (Antivert)
b	Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
c	Maropitant citrate (Cerenia)
d	Ondansetron (Zolfran)

c

Nickname for this anti-ulcer medication is "gastric band-aid"

a	Sucralfate
b	Metoclopramide
c	Famotidine
d	Omeprazole

a

What type of laxative loosens stool by pulling water into the colon & increasing water in the feces?

a	Osmotic/Saline
b	Contact
c	Bulk-forming
d	Emollients

a

Which group of antiulcer medications block receptors on parietal cells in the stomach, thereby reducing gastric acid secretion?

a	Mucosal protective agents
b	H2 receptor antagonists
c	Systemic antacids
d	Prostaglandin analogs

b

Psyllium & Metamucil are examples of what type of laxative?

a	Osmotic/Saline
b	Bulk
c	Lubricants
d	Cathartic

b

Megacolon due to constipation/obstipation in felines can be treated with this serotonergic prokinetic drug

a	Metoclopramide (Reglan)
b	Domperidone
c	Cisapride
d	Neostigmine

c

What appetite stimulant should not be used orally in cats due to it causing hepatic necrosis ?

diazepam

What side effect/clinical sign of patients prescribed bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) should you warn owners to watch for?

dark stools,dark feces, black stool, dark tar feces

All of the following can be used and causes emesis in canines except 

a	Apomorphine
b	Ropinirole/Clever
c	Hydrogen peroxide
d	Xylazine

Question 14

d

List 1 side effect of using hydrogen peroxide as an emetic agent, cats are more prone to certain side effects?

(aspiration, aspiration pneumonia, gastritis, gastric ulceration)

Bismuth subsalicylate Pepto-Bismol® is perfectly safe to use in cats with no risk of toxicosis T OR F

false

Tums (calcium carbonate) can cause hypocalcemia so they should not be used in patients with HYPOcalcemia  T OR F

false

Loperamide (Imodium) should not be used in breeds with MDR1 (ABCB1) gene due to defect with this protein pump........

P-glycoprotein pump

Which of the following is not used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease?

a	Prednisone
b	Chlorambucil
c	Sulfasalazine
d	Metoclopramide

d

When taking a history from a client who's pet is presenting with diarrhea - what are 3 questions or ways to differentiate small vs large bowel diarrhea?

How much feces is produced?
Is there any thing in the feces like blood?
Has your pet had any changes in appetite?

what relives discomfort associated with nonproductive coughing and contraindicated in cases of execssive secretions?

antitussives

what is used for antitussive and side effects are sedation, GI,constipation .

hydrocodone bitratrate CII

what is used for antitussive , chronic nonproductive cough) and also used as preanesthetic analgestic?

butorphanol

what drug is a type of expectorant that increases liquefied mucus that moves up and is expectorated out and its use is to relief cough symptoms associated with a productive cough?

guafenesin

what decreases viscosity of secretion by altering chemical bonds and acts by chemically altering the composition of the mucus itself?

mucolytic agents

what is a mucolytic agent that decreases viscosity of secretions/mucus it .

acetylcysteine

what kind of drug is used for bronchoconstriction due to organophosphate toxicity forms can be atropine or glycopyrrolate?

anticholinergics

what is a beta 2 adrenergic causes relaxation of smooth muscle fibers?

albuterol

use of albuterol is better in beta 1 because in beta 2 cardiac effects cause tachycardia T OR F

F Albuterol is better in beta 2 then 1 because of cardiac effects cause tachycardia

what are drugs forms of methylxanthines they inhibit phosphodiesterase?

theophyline,aminophyline

what are side effects of methylxanthines?

GI CNs tachycardia

what loop diuretic is the most common treatment for pulmonary edema ?

furosemide

what are drugs forms of antihistamines , block response of histamine released from mast cells by allergic response?

(diphenhydramine) Benadryl, Claritin(loratadine)

what are used in severe or refractory allergic respiratory conditions, and what is the drug forms?

glucocorticoids, prednisolone,dexamethasone,triamcinolone

The use of ____ is to dissolve or prevention of struvite crystals?

acidifiers

____ increases Ph

alkalizers

potassium citrate can be added to the diet to do the following?

a	Decreased urinary tone
b	Urinary acidification (lowers pH)
c	Crystalluria
d	Urinary alkalinization (increases pH)

d

what is ideal pH in dogs and cats

dog-7-7.5

cats 6.3-6.6

what is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor that decrease uric acid for urate stones in canines ?

allopurinol

Allopurinol can be used safely in cats and in cases of renal insufficinecy TOR F

F caution when using

Bethanechol increases bladder tone what type of drug class is it ?

cholinergic agent

what drug is a estrogen derivative and is used in urinary incontinence and side effects include bone marrow suppression,alopecia,hormonal?

DES , diethylstibestrol

DES or diethylstibestrol provides hormone replacement it is advised to wear gloves when handling T OR F

TRue

what is a alpha adrenergic agonist that use is in urinary incontience forms is side effects are hypertension?

PROIN or phenylpropanolamine

erythropoietin is procuduced in the bone marrow and stimulates RBCS to be formed and released T OR F

false

what is used in chronic renal failure?

erythropoietin/epogen

what type of drug stimulates vomiting?

emetic drug

dogs have more dopamine receptors while cats have more alpha 2 receptors T OR F

true

what stimulates dopamine receptors in the CRTZ and is used induction of emesis in dogs where vomiting is not contraindicated, and has depressant effect on emetic center?

apomorphine

what is a selective dopamine agonist that is used induction of emesis in dogs only where vomiting is not contraindicated and 95% of dogs vomit within 30 minutes , this cannot be used in cases of corneal ulceration and human absorption is possible?

ropinirole opthalmic solution

what is a alpha 2 agonist that use is a injectable drug of choice for inducing emesis in cats , side effects are vomiting ,sedation?

xylazine

what species that is more sensitive to the administration of hydrogen peroxide and is more at risk for developinggastritis and gastric ulceration?

a- dog

b-cat

c-cow

d-equine

b

what type of drug controls the symptom of vomiting?

antiemetic agents

what is a type of phenothiazine, it blocks multiple receptors on CRTZ and is a type of phenothiazine side effects are sedation and hypotension?

chlorpromazine

what block H1 receptors and are most effective for vomiting from motion sickness or inner ear disease (vestibular) dosage forms include Benadryl,Dramamine,antivert?

antihistamines

what type of antihistamine is most commonly used for vestibular disease?

meclizine (antivert)

what is a type of prokinetic agent that use is in antiemetic, prokinetic- gastric motility disorders , and is more effective in dogs then cats?

metoclopramide

what is should not be used in GI obstruction due to prokinetic properties?

metoclopramide

what is a type of serotonin antagonist that use is in antiemetic used vomiting cause by chemotherapy?

ondansetron/zolfran , (dolasetron/anzemet)

what is a NK-1 antagonist that is used in antiemetic and nausea and has a additional use in motion sickness?

cerenia

_____ can cause drooling,lethargy, burning at injection site and has to be kept refrigerated.

cerenia

what type of drug is mainly for acid neutralization?

antacids

calcium carbonate a type of antacids has drug form known as ?

Tums

aluminum/magnesium a type of antacids has drug form known as ?

mylanta,maalox

what is a type of drug that is used to decrease irritation of eroded mucosa and to promote healing?

H2 receptor antagonist

what is a type of H2 receptor antagonist that is 5x as potent and what is it also known as ?

ranitidine, zantac

what is a type of H2 receptor antagonist that is 32x as potent and what is it also known as

famotidine , pepcid

what is inactivated and unable to secrete acid and is used for gastric ulcers , esophagitis, parietal hypersecretion?

proton pump inhibitors PPI

there three types of proton pump inhibitor, what is the human OTC, the veterinary product for horses, and the other one

prilosec,gastrogard,omeprazole

sulcralfate is a type of _____?

gastromucosal protectant

what is a oil that soften feces?

lubricant

what is a type of lubricant that may have little taste and doesn’t trigger swallowing reflex?

mineral oil

what is a type of lubricant that you should avoid aspiration pneumonia with this administration?

petrolatum

laxatone/catlax is a type of petrolatum T OR F

true

what reduces surface tension allows water to penetrate GI Contents and is used in hard dry feces?

stool softeners

what is a type of stool softener, can be known as colace,feline pet ema?

docusate sodium

what is absorbs water and swelling to increase the bulk of intestinal contents and is used to relief constipation ,and some types of impaction in horses?

bulk producing

metamucil and psyllium is a example of ?

a-saline cathartics

b-bulk laxatives

c-lubricants

d-irritant cathartics

b

what is a type of cathartics that is orally administered?

lactulose

what is a type of cathartics that should not be used in cats or puppies due to electrolyte imbalances

sodium phosphate

what type of enema is contraindicated in felines?

a-mangesium hydroxide

b-sodium phosphate

c-docusate sodium

d0castor oil

b

what are drugss that protect inflamed mucosa from further irritation and binds substances or toxins to protect?

protectants/absorbents