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cartography
the science of mapmaking
contagious diffusion
the rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population
cultural ecology
a geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships
cultural landscape
the fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group (anything manmade)
culture
the body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group’s distinct tradition
density
the frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area
diffusion
the spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
distance-decay
the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
distribution
the arrangement of something across Earth’s surface
environmental determinism
a 19th/early 20th century approach that says geography is the study of how the physical environment caused human activities because laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences.
equator
a line that runs through the middle of the Earth’s horizontally
expansion diffusion
the spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in an additive process
formal region
an area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics
friction of distance
the amount of time it takes to get from one place to another
functional region
an area organized around a node or focal points
globalization
actions/processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope
global positioning system (gps)
a computer system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers
hierarchical diffusion
the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or a node of authority/power to other persons/places
hearth
the region from which innovative ideas originate
international date line
an arc that follows (for the most part) 180 degrees longitude, when the IDL is crossed, the clock moves either forward or backwards 24 hours
latitude
numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe measuring distance north and south of the equator
longitude
the numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian
mercator projection
used mainly for navigation but distorted near the north and south poles
possibilism
the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives
prime meridian
the meridian, designated as 0 degrees longitude that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England
projection
a system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map
relocation diffusion
the spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another
remote sensing
robinson projection
good reference tool, but everything is slightly distorted
scale
generally the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole
site
the physical character of a place
space-time compression
the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
spatial analysis
examines/analyzes places and features on Earth’s surface (ex. measuring distances, finding correlation, etc.)
stimulus diffusion
the spread of an underlying principle even though a specific characteristic is rejected
time zones
areas with established standard times
toponym
the name given to a portion of Earth’s surface
transnational corporation
a company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located
uneven development
the increasing gap in economic conditions between underdeveloped and developed regions as a result of the globalization of the economy
vernacular region
a region formed from people’s perception of a place, stereotypes(ex. south = sweet tea, religious, less educated, etc.)
geographic information system (gis)
a computer system that store, organizes, and analyzes geographic data
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