Stoichometry, Temperatures, Solutions and Dilutions

Lecture 3

define solute

in solution of g or s dissolved in a liquid/ the component in smaller amount

define solvent

in a solution of gas or solid dissolved in a liquid, is the liquid (the component in greater amount)

define concentration

the amount of solute dissolved in a unit volume of solution

what is the difference between miscible and immiscible?

miscible solutions fully mix in all proportions and immiscible substances never fully mix in any proportions

do polar solvents and compounds dissolve other polar solvents and compounds?

yes - like dissolves like

what can polar liquids act like for ionic compunds?

solvents

what does Hess's Law state?

the overall energy change in enthalpy for a chemical reaction is equal to the sum of enthalpy changes for each step

what is the hydration enthalpy?

the enthalpy change when 1 mole of ions dissolve in sufficient water to give an infinitely dilute solution (always negative)

molarity (M) equation

moles of solute / litres of solution

dilution equation

c1 v1 = c2 v2

what is stock dilution?

different volumes of the same stock solution are transferred directly to other containers to generate various concentrations of the solution

what is serial dilution?

a stepwise dilution of a solution to generate various concentrations of the solution, usually the dilution factor at each step is constant

what does a titration do?

determines the amount of substance A by adding a carefully measured volume of solution with known [ ] B until the reaction of A and B is just complete

thermal energy

atoms and molecules that compose matter are in constant random motion can be measured by temperature

temperature is the measure....

of thermal energy of matter

heat is the...

transfer or exchange of thermal energy caused by a temperature differenceho

how do you calculate kelvin?

oC + 273.15

how do you calculate oC?

oF-32/1.8d

define osmosis

solvent molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution

osmotic pressure is...

a colligative property of a solution equal to the pressure that when applied to the solution just stops osmosis.

osmotic pressure equation

𝜋=𝑀𝑅𝑇