________: Strongly held thought or belief that is at odds with reality.
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Maladaptive
________ (behavior): Behavior arising from an underlying psychological or biological dysfunction that makes it difficult to adapt to the environment and meet the demands of day- to- day life.
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Schizophrenia spectrum
________ and other psychotic disorders: Severe mental disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disturbed thought and /or speech, disturbed motor behavior, and /or retreat from reality.
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Psychopathology
________: The scientific study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders; the term is also used to refer to maladaptive behavior.
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Grit
________ is a better predicted of success than intelligence.
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Phototherapy
________: A treatment for SAD that involves exposure to bright, full- spectrum light.
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Psychosis
________ is a break in contact with reality that is marked by delusions, hallucinations, sensory changes, disturbed emotions, disturbed communication, and personality disintegration.
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Heredity
________ is a major factor in schizophrenia.
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Phobia
________: Persistent, excessive, and unrealistic fear that is triggered by specific objects or people.
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psychodynamic approach
The ________ emphasizes the unconscious conflicts as the cause of disabling anxiety.
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Bipolar
________ and related disorders: Mood disorders characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression.
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Mood disorders
________ also are partially explained by psychological factors such as loss, anger, learned helplessness, stress, and self- defeating thinking patterns.
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Somatic symptoms
________ and related disorders center on physical complaints that mimic disease or disability.
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Deliberate practice
________ involves staying focused during training, seeking feed back from experts, and then working to correct problems that have been identified.
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Insanity
________: A legal term that refers to a mental inability to manage ones affairs or to be aware of the consequences of ones actions.
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Psychological problems
________ are classified by using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Edition) (DSM- 5), and it is possible for people to be comorbid (i.e., exhibiting symptoms that fit more than one disorder)
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Paranoia
________: A symptom marked by a preoccupation with delusions related to a single theme, especially grandeur or persecution.
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Schizophrenia
________: Severe disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perceptions, emotions, and behavior.
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Alzheimers disease
________: Age- related condition characterized by memory loss, confusion, and increasing loss of mental abilities.
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Trauma
________- and stressor- related disorders: Behavior patterns brought on by traumatic stresses.
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Hallucination
________: Perception with no basis in reality.
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humanistic approach
The ________ emphasizes the effects of a faulty self- image.
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Suicide
________ is a statistically related to such factors as sex, ethnicity, age, and marital status.
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sense of hope
Fostering a(n) ________ will allow you to overcome the obstacles that inevitably occur when we are working toward important goals.
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Catatonia
________: A disorder marked by stupor, rigidity, unresponsiveness, posturing, mutism, and sometimes agitated, purposeless behavior.
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Paranoid psychosis
________: A delusional disorder centered especially on delusions of persecution.
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Bipolar II
________ disorder: A mood disorder in which a person is mostly depressed (sad, despondent, guilt- ridden) but also has had one or more episodes of mild mania (hypomania)
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significant impairment
Mental disorder: A(n) ________ in psychological functioning.
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Anxiety reduction hypothesis
________: Explains the self- defeating nature of avoidance responses as a result of the reinforcing effects of relief from anxiety.
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Comorbid
________ (in mental disorders): The simultaneous presence in a person of two or more mental disorders.
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Agoraphobia
________: The fear that something extremely embarrassing will happen if one leaves the house or enters an unfamiliar situation; excessive, irrational fear of being in public places.
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Neurodevelopmental disorders
________: Psychopathologies due to various forms of damage to the nervous system arising before adulthood.
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Delusional disorder
________: A psychosis marked by severe delusions of grandeur, jealousy, persecution, or similar preoccupations.
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Neurocognitive disorders
________: Psychopathologies due to various forms of damage to the nervous system not arising until adulthood.
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DSM
The ________ is updated regularly, and categories can be added, deleted, or changed based on an evolving understanding of disorders and changes in social norms.
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Personality disorders
________ are persistent, maladaptive personality patterns.
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Cognitive theories of anxiety
________ focus on distorted thinking and being fearful of others attention and judgements.
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Psychological trauma
________: A psychological injury or shock, such as that caused by violence, abuse, neglect, separation, etc.
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Schizophrenia spectrum disorder
________ involves varying degrees of abnormal cognition (delusions, paranoia), perceptions (hallucinations), abnormal mood (flat or inappropriate affect), abnormal behavior (inability to cope, catatonia) m and a disintegrated personality.
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level of grit
Improving your ________ requires that people engage in deliberate practice when you are pursuing a goal.
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Conversion disorder
________: A bodily symptom that mimics a physical disability but is actually caused by anxiety or emotional distress.
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Social nonconformity
________: Failure to conform to societal norms or the usual minimum standard for social conduct.
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Specific phobia
________: Persistent fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.
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Social anxiety disorder
________: An intense, irrational fear of being observed, evaluated, embarrassed, or humiliated by others in social situations.
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unbearable psychological pain
In individual cases, the potential for suicide is best identified by a desire to escape, ________, and frustrated psychological needs.
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Environmental factors
________ that increase the risk for schizophrenia include viral infection or malnutrition during the mothers pregnancy and birth complications.
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Symptoms
________ can be divided into those that are positive (i.e., exaggeration compared to normal behavior) and those that are negative (i.e., deficit compared to normal behavior)
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Bipolar disorders
________ combine mania and depression.
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Seasonal affective disorder
________ (SAD): Depression that occurs only during fall and winter; presumable related to decreased exposure to sunlight.
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persistent depressive disorder
In a(n) ________ (dysthymia), depression is long- lasting but moderate.
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Mental disorder
A significant impairment in psychological functioning
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Psychopathology
The scientific study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders; the term is also used to refer to maladaptive behavior
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Statistical abnormality
Abnormality defined on the basis of an extreme score on some dimension, such as IQ or anxiety
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Social nonconformity
Failure to conform to societal norms or the usual minimum standard for social conduct
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Maladaptive (behavior)
Behavior arising from an underlying psychological or biological dysfunction that makes it difficult to adapt to the environment and meet the demands of day-to-day life
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Comorbid (in mental disorders)
The simultaneous presence in a person of two or more mental disorders
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Insanity
A legal term that refers to a mental inability to manage ones affairs or to be aware of the consequences of ones actions
58
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Neurodevelopmental disorders
Psychopathologies due to various forms of damage to the nervous system arising before adulthood
59
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Neurocognitive disorders
Psychopathologies due to various forms of damage to the nervous system not arising until adulthood
60
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Alzheimers disease
Age-related condition characterized by memory loss, confusion, and increasing loss of mental abilities
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Psychological trauma
A psychological injury or shock, such as that caused by violence, abuse, neglect, separation, etc
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Stress-vulnerability (diathesis-stress) model
A model that attributes mental illness to a combination of environmental stress and inherited susceptibility
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Psychosis (Psychoses)
A withdrawal from reality marked by hallucinations and delusions, disturbed thoughts and emotions, and personality disorganization
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Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
Severe mental disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disturbed thought and/or speech, disturbed motor behavior, and/or retreat from reality
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Hallucination
Perception with no basis in reality
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Delusional disorder
A psychosis marked by severe delusions of grandeur, jealousy, persecution, or similar preoccupations
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Delusion
Strongly held thought or belief that is at odds with reality
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Paranoid psychosis
A delusional disorder centered especially on delusions of persecution
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Schizophrenia
Severe disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perceptions, emotions, and behavior
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Paranoia
A symptom marked by a preoccupation with delusions related to a single theme, especially grandeur or persecution
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Catatonia
A disorder marked by stupor, rigidity, unresponsiveness, posturing, mutism, and sometimes agitated, purposeless behavior
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Depressive disorders
Class of disorders marked by chronic feelings of sadness and despondency
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Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
Moderate depression that persists for two years or more
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Major depressive disorder
Mood disorder in which the person has suffered one or more intense episodes of depression
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Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Depression that occurs only during fall and winter; presumable related to decreased exposure to sunlight
76
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Phototherapy
A treatment for SAD that involves exposure to bright, full-spectrum light
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Bipolar and related disorders
Mood disorders characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression
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Manic episode
Period of abnormally excessive energy and elation
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Cyclothymic disorder
Moderate manic and depressive behavior that persists for two years or more
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Bipolar I disorder
A mood disorder in which a person has episodes of mania (excited, hyperactive, energetic, or grandiose behavior) and also periods of deep depression
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Bipolar II disorder
A mood disorder in which a person is mostly depressed (sad, despondent, guilt-ridden) but also has had one or more episodes of mild mania (hypomania)
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Postpartum depression
A mild to moderately severe depression that begins within three months following childbirth
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Personality disorders
Long-standing, inflexible ways of behaving that create a variety of problems
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Antisocial personality disorder
Unusual remorselessness, lack of empathy, or disregard for social conventions
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Anxiety disorders
Class of disorders marked by feeling of excessive apprehension and worry
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Generalized anxiety disorder
Psychological disorder characterized by nearly constant, exaggerated worries
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Panic disorder
Chronic state of anxiety, with brief moments of sudden, intense, unexpected panic
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Phobia
Persistent, excessive, and unrealistic fear that is triggered by specific objects or people
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Agoraphobia
The fear that something extremely embarrassing will happen if one leaves the house or enters an unfamiliar situation; excessive, irrational fear of being in public places
90
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Social anxiety disorder
An intense, irrational fear of being observed, evaluated, embarrassed, or humiliated by others in social situations
91
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Specific phobia
Persistent fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
92
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Anxiety reduction hypothesis
Explains the self-defeating nature of avoidance responses as a result of the reinforcing effects of relief from anxiety
93
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Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
Extreme preoccupations with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviors
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
An extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviors
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Hoarding disorder
Excessively collecting various things
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Trauma-and stressor-related disorders
Behavior patterns brought on by traumatic stresses
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Adjustment disorder
Emotional disturbance caused by ongoing stressors within the range of common experience
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Acute stress disorder
A psychological disturbance lasting up to one month following stresses that would produce anxiety in anyone who experienced them
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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Pattern of unwanted memories, nightmares, and flashbacks following a traumatic event for more than a month
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Dissociative disorders
Class of psychological disorders involving disintegration of consciousness, memory, or self-identity