final exam (ap world) mcqs

Ottoman Empire

A historical empire founded around the late 13th century and lasting until the early 20th century, affecting Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa.

Janissaries

Elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and bodyguards.

The Casta System

A hierarchical social structure in Spanish colonies based on racial and ethnic origins.

Peninsulares

Spaniards born in Spain who held the highest social status in Spanish colonies.

Creoles

People of Spanish descent born in the Americas with a status often lower than Peninsulares.

Mestizos

Individuals of mixed Spanish and indigenous ancestry.

Mulattos

Individuals of mixed Spanish and African ancestry.

Indios

Indigenous peoples of the Americas, positioned at the bottom of the Casta system.

Negros

People of African descent, often enslaved, in the Spanish colonies.

Zheng He

A Chinese admiral and explorer who led maritime voyages during the early Ming dynasty.

Silk Road

A network of trade routes that connected East and West, safeguarded by the Mongols.

Black Death

The bubonic plague that significantly reduced Europe's population in the 14th century.

Iberian Peninsula

A region in southwestern Europe that includes Spain and Portugal.

Al-Andalus

The Muslim-controlled areas of the Iberian Peninsula from 711-1492.

Greco-Roman philosophy

Philosophical traditions of ancient Greece and Rome, influential in medieval and modern thought.

European colonization

The establishment of control over foreign territories, profoundly affecting global trade.

Lateen sail

A triangular sail that allowed for better maneuverability in sailing.

Astrolabe

An ancient instrument used to make astronomical measurements.

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable ship used by the Portuguese for exploration.

Cartography

The study and practice of making maps.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that trade generates wealth, advocating that the government should export more than it imports.

Cash crops

Crops grown for commercial value rather than subsistence.

Gunpowder Empires

Empires that utilized gunpowder technology to expand and dominate regions.

Centralized power

Consolidation of political authority under a singular governing body.

Taxation

The practice of collecting money from individuals by the government to fund public services.

Standing army

A permanent, professional army maintained during peacetime.

Maroon societies

Communities formed by escaped slaves in the Americas.

The Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism over tradition.

Tributary relationships

Political and economic interactions where one state provides goods or services to another.

GOA

A Portuguese trading post empire in India.

Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, and human populations between the Americas and the Old World.

Demographic change

Shifts in a population's size or makeup.

Western Hemisphere

Refers to the Americas, continents west of the Prime Meridian.

Eastern Hemisphere

Regions of the world east of the Prime Meridian, including Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Manufactured goods

Products that have been processed and are ready for the market.

Syncretism

The blending of different beliefs and practices.

Enslaved Africans

Individuals who were forcibly brought to the Americas to work in labor conditions.

Economic production

The process of creating goods and services.

Legitimize authority

To make a government or leader's power acceptable and recognized.

Christianity in Japan

The religious movement that gained followers in Japan in the 1500s but faced official outlawing in the 1600s.

Forced migration

The coerced movement of people from one place to another.

Vasco Da Gama

The first European sailing for Portugal to sail directly from Europe to India, initiating a sea route, Indian Ocean Trade Basin.

Spanish crossings

The Spanish were the first Europeans to cross both the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans.

What were the two most popular cash crops cultivated in the Americas (Carribbean & Brazil)?

Sugar (#1) and Tobacco (#2).

Who did the Europeans learn most from?

The Muslims.

Crop introduction

The transfer of agricultural products between the Old and New Worlds (East and West) led to economic changes, such as population growth.

What areas did the Muslim excel more in than Europeans?

Medicine and science.

Which Empires were Gunpowder Empires?

Safavids, Mughals, Ottomans, and Russians.

What three reasons did European states colonize around the globe for?

God, Gold (Silver), and Glory.

How can syncretism be seen in the Americas through the blending of Christianity with Indigenous religions?

Dia De Los Muertos & The Virgn Of Guadalupe.

What did rulers use to legitimize their political authority?

Art and Religion.

Where was European efforts of spread Christianity most successful in?

The Americas.

How many Africans were forcibly transported across the Atlantic?

12.5 million.