Note
Studied by 1 personfinal exam (ap world) mcqs
Ottoman Empire- dates, geography
Janissaries
The Casta System in Spanish colonies (Caribbean, Central/South America).
- Peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain, holding the highest social status and privileges.
- Creoles: People of Spanish descent born in the Americas, often with lower status than Peninsulares.
- Mestizos: Individuals of mixed Spanish and indigenous ancestry. (mid-tier)
- Mulattos: Individuals of mixed Spanish and African ancestry. (mid-tier)
- Indios: Indigenous people of the Americas (bottom-tier)
- Negros: People of African descent, often enslaved (bottom-tier)
Zheng He- Who was he? Where did he explore?
Mongols made the Silk Road safer which led to more trade to Europe. Unfortunately it also meant the spread of the Black Death (Bubonic Plague) from China to Europe.
Muslims conquered most of the Iberian Peninsula (711-1492). The Muslim-controlled Iberian Peninsula was known as Al-Andalus. The Muslims were smarter than the Europeans when it came to medicine and science. The Europeans learned a lot from them.
Whole towns and cities were wiped-out or at least severely compromised by the Black Death.
The Muslims benefited from learning about Greco-Roman philosophy. They passed this onto the Europeans. Most of this diffusion took place via trade.
European states became the major players in the global economy (1450-1750) largely because of their colonizing efforts in the Americas. There was also some colonization in Africa and Asia, but for the most part, the Europeans focused on trading with Asian states rather than conquering them. That would change in the 1800s (19th century).
Know how the following helped the Europeans become such dominant players in the global economy: lateen sail, astrolabe, caravel, cartography, caravel.
Mercantilism = the country that accumulates the most gold and silver wins. In mercantilism, there are only so many pieces of the pie. This made European states VERY COMPETITIVE with one another.
Sugar was the most popular cash crop cultivated in the Americas (Caribbean and Brazil). Tobacco was number two. Both led to millions of enslaved Africans coming to the Americas to work the fields.
Gunpowder Empires: Safavids, Mughals, Ottomans, Russians
Gunpowder Empires used, wait for it, gunpowder to establish large empires.
Gunpowder Empires were bitterly competitive with one another.
European states, 1450-1750, grew strong in part because political power within those states began to become more centralized, meaning these governments were more organized and had more power. The two main contributors to that power were two fold: the ability to collect taxes from citizenry; having a standing army.
Maroon societies
“Co-opting”
The Enlightenment: all are created equal. This idea starts to present itself in the mid to late 1700s. More on this in the second semester but there will be a question relating to it in the final so know what it is.
China, Korea, and Japan (1600-1800) were always trying to limit foreign contact.
Which states had tributary relationships with their neighbors?
GOA: Trading post empire in India controlled by the Portuguese.
European states colonized around the globe for three reasons: God, Gold(silver), and Glory.
The Portuguese were the first European state to dominate the Indian Ocean Trade Basin (16th century). And then the Dutch (17th century). And then the British (18th-19th centuries).
The Portuguese had trading posts as far east as China and at one point Japan as well. Remember, the Japanese would eventually give all Europeans the boot. The Dutch had a small presence on an island in Nagasaki harbor, but that was it.
Demographic change = population change
Columbian Exchange
Western Hemisphere = the Americas
Eastern Hemisphere = Afro-Eurasia
Similar to today, between 1500-1700, Asian societies produced most of the world’s manufactured goods.
Cash crops (sugar, tobacco, coffee) made more money than agricultural crops.
Syncretism
Syncretism in the Americas can be seen in the blending of Christianity with Indigenous religions. (ex. Dia de los Muertos is a mix of Aztec and Christian belief systems).
Enslaved Africans did not completely replace forced indigenous labor. (ex. Mita system in Peru; Encomienda system in places like Mexico)
Native artisans and merchants continued to dominate economic production in the Indian Ocean (1450-1750).
Rulers used art and religion to legitimize their political authority.
Christianity made inroads into Japan society during the 1500s. In the 1600s the Japanese outlawed Christian worship.
European efforts to spread Christianity were most successful in the Americas.
12.5 million Africans were forcibly transported across the Atlantic Ocean.
The introduction of crops from the Western Hemisphere to the Eastern Hemisphere led to considerable population growth.
Vasco Da Gama (Portugal) was the first European to sail to the Indian Ocean. This eventually led to centuries of European dominance in the Indian Ocean Trade Basin.
The Spanish were the first to cross the Atlantic AND the Pacific. This led other European states to want to do the same.