Chapter 1 - Intro to the Human Body

Histology

Microscopic Structure of Tissues

immun-

not susceptible

Cellular Level of Organization

the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals

Life Process: Movement

includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells

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tissue

physio-

nature

dis-

apart

Lymphatic System
What Organs? (7)

Lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses

Lymphatic System
General Functions? (3)

• Returns proteins and fluids to blood

• Carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood

• Contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells + T cells that protect against disease-causing pathogens

Respiratory System

What Organs? (2 Main) (4 Smaller)

Lungs and Air Passageways

(Pharnyx (throat), larynx (voicebox), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes leading into and out of lungs)

Respiratory System

General Functions? (3 Functions)

• Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air

• Helps regulated acid-base balance of body fluids

  • Air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produce sound

Urinary System

What Organs? (4)

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Urinary System

General Functions? (4)

• Produces, stores, and eliminates urine

• Eliminates waste and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood

• Maintains body’s mineral balance

• Helps regulate production of red blood cells

Molecular Physiology

function of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA

-vascular

Blood Vessels

Cardiovascular System

What Organs? (3)

Blood, Heart, Blood Vessels

Cardiovascular System

General Functions? (4)

• Heart pumps blood through blood vessels

• Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells

• Helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of bodily fluids

• Blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels

Integumentary System

What Organs? (5)

Skin, Hair, Nails, Sweat Glands, Oils Glands

Integumentary System

General Functions? (6)

• Protects body

• Helps regulate body temperature

• Eliminates some wastes

• Helps make vitamin D

• Detects sensations

  • Stores fat and provides insulation

Skeletal System

What Organs? (3)

Bones, Joints, Cartilage

Skeletal System

General Functions? (5)

• Supports and protects body

• Provides surface area for muscle attachment

• Aids body movements

• House cells that produce blood cells

• Stores minerals and lipids

Muscular System

What Organ?

Muscle Tissue

Muscular System

General Functions? (2)

• Participates in body movements

• Major source of heat production

Endocrine System

What Organs? (2 Main, 10 Smaller)

Hormone Producing Glands and Hormone Producing Cells in Several Other Organs

(Pineal glands, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, suprarenal (adrenal) glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes)

Endocrine System

General Function?

Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine glands or tissue to target organ)

Nervous System

What Organs? (4)

Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, Special Sense Organs (ie, eyes ears etc)

Nervous System

General Functions? (2)

• Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities

  • Detect changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions (Homeostasis)

What are the life processes in humans? (6)

• Metabolism

• Responsiveness

• Movement

• Growth

• Differentiation

• Reproduction

Life Process: Growth

An increase in body size that results from an increase in the body size of existing cells, an increase in numbers, or both.

Life Process: Reproduction

1. The formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement

   1. Production of a new individual

Mediastinum

Location + Organs

Between the lungs. Extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rob to diaphragm

Contains all thoracic organs minus lungs

Pelvic Cavity

What Organs? (3)

• Urinary Bladder

• Portions of Large Intestine

• Most Internal Organs of the Reproductive System

Abdominal Cavity

Which Organs? (6)

• Stomach

• Spleen

• Liver

• Gallbladder

• Small Intestine

• Most of Large Intestine

Cell Biology

cellular structure and functions

Embryology

• First eight weeks of growth and development after fertilization of a human egg.

  • Earliest stage of developmental biology.

Reproductive System
What Organs? (MALE) (6)

• Testes

• Epididymis

• Ductus

• Deferens

• Seminal Glands

• Prostate

Reproductive System

What Organs? (FEMALE)

• Ovaries

• Uterine Tubes

• Uterus

• Vagina

• Clitoris

• Mammary Gland

Reproductive System

General Functions? (4)

• Gonads produce gamete that unite to form a new organism

• Gonads release hormones

• Associated organs transport and store gametes

• Mammary glands produce milk

Digestive System

What Organs? (2M, 11 sm)

• Organs of the digestive canal

  • Mouth

  • Pharynx

  • Esophagus

  • Stomach

  • Small Intestine

  • Large Intestine

  • Anus

• Accessory Organs

  • Salivary Glands

  • Liver

  • Gallbladder

  • Pancreas

Digestive System

What Functions? (3)

• Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food

• Absorbs nutrients

• Eliminates solid wastes

Homeostasis

condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment; maintained by regulatory processes

Life Process: Responsiveness

the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes

What are the 11 systems of the human body?

1. Integumentary

2. Skeletal

3. Muscular

4. Nervous

5. Endocrine

6. Cardiovascular

7. Lymphoid

8. Respiratory

9. Digestive

10. Urinary

11. Reproductive

Describe the “system” level of organization.

Consists of related organs with a common function.

They have specific functions and usually recognizable shapes.

Describe the “tissue” level of organization.

Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them work together to perform a particular function.

Exercise Physiology

Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activities.

Respiratory Physiology

Function of the air passageways and lungs.

Immunology

The body’s defenses against disease causing pathogens

Cardiovascular Physiology

Functions of the heart and blood vessels.

Endocrinology

Hormones and how they control body functions.

Neurophysiology

Functional properties of nerve cells.

Pathophysiology

Functional changes associated with disease and aging.

Clinical Anatomy

The application of anatomy to the practice of medicine, dentistry, or other health-related sciences.

Imaging Anatomy

Internal structures that can be visualized with techniques such as X-Ray, MRI, CT scans, and other technologies for clinical analysis and medical intervention.

Surface (Topographical) Anatomy

Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation.

Systematic Anatomy

Structure of specific systems of the body such as nervous or respiratory.

Anatomy

The science of body structures and the relationships among them.

Physiology

The science of body functions; How the body works

Define the following term: Atom

Part of the chemical level. Consists of protons and neutrons.

Which body systems help eliminate waste?

Digestive - Solid Waste

Urinary - Liquid Waste

Integumentary - Some

Cardiovascular - Waste from Cells

Interstitial Fluid

A type of extracellular fluid. Between cells.

What are some signs of aging?

Remember, signs are observable changes.

Wrinkled skin, greying hair, loss of bone mass, loss of muscle mass

Why is extracellular fluid called the internal environment of the body?

ECF surrounds all cells of the body.