duggins test 2

Loyalists

(Tories), political party of England, loyal to Great Britain, don't like Declaration of Independence, Emigration

(exit country), during and after revolution because wanted US to remain part on England

Why did Loyalists emigrate?

urban coastal areas

Where did Loyalists live?

Patriots

fighting/pushing war forward, want independence (U.S. soldiers)

Valley Forge (Southeastern PA)

winter of 77-78, camp, smallpox spread, food supply shortages, 1000 desert

inoculation, take pus from sick and put it into new, saves thousands

What does Washington order at Valley Forge, and what does it do?

Attrition in Valley Forge

outlasting british, not the same navy or military

Army of Valley Forge

hard to get enlistments, when they win more people sign up, all classes, (farmers, african/native A., women)

Battle of Trenton

(U.S. win), Washington crosses Delaware river (Christmas night) to surprise Hessians in the morning at their camp, take 800-900 out 1400 captive, 105 casualties (0 Americans died)

Battle of Princeton

(U.S. win), Washington knew of Charles Cornwallis counterattack

Battle of Saratoga

the turning point, 2 small battles, Burgoyne, the British general surrenders, French able to come in war, provide naval support, Pulaski and Jones

Burgoyne

British general defeated at Saratoga, surrenders troops to Americans

naval support

France's role in Battle of Saratoga

Pulaski

train American cavalry at Saratoga

Jones

most celebrated American naval commander, gets many victories

Battle of Camden

British victory, American not equipped/prepared

Benedict Arnold

Washington's trusted advisor who become known as a traitor, plots with John Andre for West Pointe

Battle of Cowpens

American recover after Camden and win (regroup)

Greene

master of guerilla warfare

Guerilla Warfare

wear down enemy in hit and run, avoiding direct battles,

Battle of Yorktown

Patriots win, Americans o ground, French navy protecting coast, cause for Cornwallis forced to surrender weapons to Americans

Treaty of Paris

grants U.S. independence, ends American Revolutionary War, get land, says America should pay debts to British, and states should return all property seized by loyalists during war (ignored)

Republic

government which political leaders get authority from citizens (people) to make and enforce laws

Ideas of Self Government

not new, ex. mayflower compact, John Locke's Treatises of Government (life, liberty, property)

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

written by Jefferson, separation of church and state, by 1833 all states separated

Christian

Religious requirement for officeholding

Articles of Confederation

document adopted by second continental congress, loose confederation (alliance) of 13 states, allows each state one vote, all 13 states required to ratify, combined legislative and executive powers (no president), critical period

Congress powers under the Articles of Confederation

borrow, and coin money, provide recruits (not force), set policy towards Native Americans

1781 (fully ratified)

article go into full effect...

The Critical Period

when United States governed by Articles of Confederation (in effect)

Public domain

land outside the original 13 colonies

Land Ordinance of 1785

surveying W. land, selling small parcels of land (raise money), 640 acres required for township, must have school

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

how to organize land, Pennsylvania to Ohio river to Mississippi, how to become a state, prohibit slavery, guaranteed worship as seen fit, statehood created once 60,000 people met

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

100% to amend, 9/13 for laws, no power to tax, continentals, inflation and depression, cant regulate international trade, states more power than not. government

Continentals

paper money (printed off), causes inflation, exceeds gold and silver

lost British markets (customers)

Result of depression hitting due to inflation...

Shay's Rebellion

revolt of high tax and havey debt on farmers, properties seized if tax not paid, Daniel Shays and farmers march to Springfield Mass. to get arsenal, troops sent and put down Shays rebellion

(constitutional convention) prompt meeting to revise articles of confederation, pass debt relief to help farmers

Result of Shays Rebellion

Jefferson's quote (explains concern about Shays threat for bigger rebellion)

"the tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants"

Constitutional Convention (The Call to Philadelphia)

revise articles of confederation

Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall)

Constitutional convention meets here, had flies that bite, heat, BO, 55 delegates, age range 26-81 (all well known)

washington

president of the call to philadelphia

Randolph

Who presents the Virginia Plan?

Madison

Creator or the "father" of constitution, and virginia plan

Virginia Plan

Power shift from state to central government, federalism, 3 branches, bicameral congress

Federalism

diving powers/duties between central, federal, and state governments

enforce/execute laws (president)

What does the Executive Branch do?

make laws (congress)

What does the Legislative Branch do?

Interpret laws

What does the Judicial Branch do?

Bicameral Congress

two houses, upper and lower, state population determines # of representatives in upper and lower

Patersons New Jersey Plan

keep unicameral (one house), each state get one vote

Great Compromise

2 house legislature allowing equal rep. based on population, House of representatives (lower), Senate (upper), slavery (3/5 compromise)

northerners think they should have control (federal control), southerners don't like

Views on government's power over trade

Tariffs

taxes, Northerners agree only on imports (not exports), makes south happy

Slave Trade

concerned about taxes being put on slaves, 20 years foreign slave trade ends, (does not end slavery)

Runaway slaves

give right to pursue, Northerner allow Southerners to pursue

slavery

What is not mentioned in the Constitution?

The Preamble

"We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.¨

Morris

writes final version of constitution, of pennsylvania

September 17, 1787

When was the Constitution signed?

Signing of Constitution

39 of 55 sign, 41 of 55 present, 3/41 refused to sign b/c of flaws, 9/13 required to win ratification

Federalists

favored ratification (federal centralized government)

Anti-federalists

opponent of constitution, no ratification, sent to revise articles, undemocratic election procedures

The Federalist Papers

85 essays collected to form...

Madison, Hamilton, Jay

Who wrote the 85 essays?

Delaware

First to ratify constitution

Rhode Island

Last to ratify Constitution

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments, promised to Virginia and New York when ratifying

Delegated Powers

powers granted to federal government in US constitution, (coin money, regulate trade with foreign nations, raise army and navy)

Reserved Powers

powers not given to federal government or denied by states, guaranteed by 10th amendment (establish schools, businesses, governments)

Concurrent Powers

held jointly by federal government and states, government levying and collecting taxes, borrowing money, provide for public welfare

Supremacy Clause

Article VI (6), says federal constitution and all federal laws outrank state constitutions and state laws

President

head of executive branch, serve as many 4 year terms as wanted, commander in chief

President roles

enforce/execute laws, recommend legislation (can't pass himself), veto

Congress

House of Representatives and Senate (bicameral)

Congress roles

make laws, declare war, raise an army, levy taxes (control money)

Judicial Branch

the supreme court, interpret laws (final say)

Separation of Powers

prevents branches from gaining too much power or becoming too powerful

Checks and Balances

gives each means to restrain powers of other two branches

Congress checks on president

impeachment (house of representatives), tried by senate (2/3 vote), can be found guilty from treason, bribery, or other high crimes

Presidents checks on congress

veto law, adjourn congress lobby, annual state of union address, lobby for law, can make treaties but needs 2/3 vote from senate

Balance with the Judiciary

senate must approve judges, can impeach judges, overrule court rulings, can hold for life

Drawbacks of checks and Balances

permit political disputes to hold up workings of government, prevented unrestricted government power

Elastic Clause (Necessary and Proper Clause)

article one, section 8, allows congress to expand its powers beyond limits outlined in constitution

Judicial Review

right of supreme court to determine whether laws violate the constitution, wasn't actually written in constitution

Amendments

constitution could be changed, only 27 been added, done by 2/3 congress, than 3/4 states to ratify, process intentionally difficult

Status of US getting started (1789)

rural country, divided geographically, 4 million people, 700,000 slaves, 60,000 free blacks, rest free whites

The first election

held over number of weeks, 10 states cast electoral votes, Dec. 15, 1788 to January 10, 1789

Washington and Adams

First President and vice president

Inaugural Address

national unity, says there was heated debates but once done promote unity

10 amendments

1791 ratified

Judiciary Act of 1789

create federal court system, chief justice, attorney general

John Jay

Who was the first chief justice?

state, war, treasury

3 departments/cabinets

Jefferson (international affairs)

Who was in charge of the state cabinet?

Knox

Who was in charge of the war cabinet?

Hamilton (financial issues)

Who was in charge of the Treasury Cabinet?

Attorney general

randolph, go to guy who understands constitution

77 million

What was the war debt?

Hamilton's belief

believed in capitalism, government led by wealthy, rich, pro-business, federal gov't should take over state government debts, high tariffs to encourage manufacturing on imports