Studied by 1 personSolubility Rules
Guidelines that predict which compounds will dissolve in water.
Alkali Metal Compounds
All compounds containing alkali metals (Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺, Fr⁺) are soluble in water.
Ammonium Compounds
All compounds containing the ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) are soluble in water.
Nitrates, Acetates, Chlorates
All nitrates (NO₃⁻), acetates (C₂H₃O₂⁻), and chlorates (ClO₃⁻) are soluble.
Halides
Most chlorides, bromides, and iodides are soluble, with exceptions for Ag⁺, Pb²⁺, and Hg₂²⁺.
Sulfates
Most sulfate compounds (SO₄²⁻) are soluble, with exceptions for Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Ca²⁺.
Hydroxides
Most hydroxides (OH⁻) are insoluble, with exceptions for alkali metals and Ba(OH)₂.
Carbonates, Phosphates, Sulfides
Most carbonates (CO₃²⁻), phosphates (PO₄³⁻), and sulfides (S²⁻) are insoluble, except when paired with alkali metals or NH₄⁺.
Polyatomic Ions with Alkali Metals
Compounds containing polyatomic ions paired with alkali metals or ammonium are generally soluble.
Chlorides
Compounds that typically dissolve in water barring exceptions for Ag⁺, Pb²⁺, and Hg₂²⁺.
Sulfates
Compounds that typically dissolve in water with notable exceptions like BaSO₄ and PbSO₄.
Hydroxides
Most hydroxides are insoluble, except for those formed with alkali metals and barium.
Carbonates
Most carbonates are insoluble, except those with alkali metals or NH₄⁺.
Aqueous Solution
Solutions in which the solvent is water.
Precipitates
Solid formed in a solution during a chemical reaction.
Alkali Metals
Group of elements that are highly reactive and form soluble salts.
Ammonium Ion
A positively charged polyatomic ion (NH₄⁺) that enhances solubility.
Dissolution
The process by which substances dissolve in solvents.
Ionization Energy
The energy required to remove an electron from an atom.
Solubility
The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.
Reactivity
The tendency of a substance to undergo chemical reactions.
Food Preservatives
Substances used to preserve food by preventing spoilage.
Fertilizers
Chemical substances used to enhance soil fertility.
Explosives
Substances that undergo rapid decomposition producing gas and heat.
Polyatomic Ions
Ions made up of two or more atoms.
Acidic Ions
Ions that can donate protons or accept electrons.
Soluble Compounds
Compounds that dissolve well in water.
Insoluble Compounds
Compounds that do not dissolve in water.
Solubility Product
The constant for a saturated solution of a sparingly soluble ionic compound.
Ionic Bonds
Chemical bonds formed between charged ions.
Salts
Ionic compounds formed from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.
Chemical Reactions
Processes in which substances interact to form new substances.
Aqueous Reaction
Reactions that occur in water-based solutions.
Applications in Medicine
Uses of compounds in medical treatments or imaging.
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