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Drive-Reduction Theory

Proposed by Clark Hull, it suggests that motivation arises from physiological needs that create an aroused state or drive, pushing an organism to reduce that need and achieve homeostasis.

Arousal Theory

Suggests that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, which varies from person to person; too little arousal leads to boredom, while too much leads to stress.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Proposes a relationship between arousal levels and performance, suggesting that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance on tasks.

Self-Determination Theory (SDT)

Developed by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, it focuses on intrinsic motivation and the human need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

Incentive Theory

Suggests that behavior is motivated by external rewards or incentives, emphasizing the role of external stimuli in motivating behavior.

Intrinsic Motivation

Engaging in a behavior because it is inherently rewarding, rather than for some separable consequence.

Extrinsic Motivation

Engaging in an activity to earn external rewards or avoid punishment.

Instinct Theory

Proposes that behaviors are driven by innate biological instincts, which are automatic and unlearned responses to specific stimuli.

Approach-Approach Conflict

Occurs when an individual must choose between two equally attractive options.

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Arises when a single choice has both positive and negative aspects.

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

Occurs when an individual must choose between two equally unattractive options.

Sensation Seeking

The tendency to seek out novel and intense experiences.

Experience Seeking

A motivational tendency characterized by a desire for new sensations and experiences, often involving risk or uncertainty.

Thrill or Adventure Seeking

Characterized by a strong desire for intense and exciting experiences, often involving physical risks or challenges.

Disinhibition

A motivational state where individuals seek to escape from social norms, constraints, or inhibitions.

Boredom Susceptibility

The tendency to experience dissatisfaction or restlessness when not engaged in stimulating activities.

Eating

A fundamental biological drive essential for survival and maintaining bodily functions.

Eating Motivation

Influenced by both biological (e.g., hypothalamic hunger signals) and psychological factors (e.g., social cues, cultural norms).

Emotion (Affect)

A complex psychological process distinguished from reasoning or knowledge, reflecting internal and external factors affecting an individual.

Facial-Feedback Hypothesis

Suggests that facial expressions influence emotional experiences; for example, smiling can induce happiness.

Broaden-and-Build Theory

Proposes that positive emotions broaden an individual's momentary actions and enhance long-term psychological resilience.

Expression of Emotions Theory

Posits that emotions are expressed through universal facial expressions recognizable across cultures.

Display Rules

Cultural norms governing how emotions are expressed and regulated in different contexts.