APUSH unit 1

Plains region

largely grassland, few trees, people followed bison (nomadic)

Great Basin

arid, little rainfall, nomadic lifestyles but some agriculture

southwest

arid agriculturally focused, focusing on dorught resistant plants

eastern woodlands

huntiing, gathering, agriculturally based

clovis culture time period

1300-12900 YAG end of last ice age- earliest widespread human culture

clovis culture tools/ lifestyle

fluted stone spear points, mobile, big game hunters- ice age creatures

Plano cultures time

10,000-7,000 YAG

plano cultures tools/ lifestyle

paralell, flaked lance shaped projectile points/nomadic groups on post glacial grasslands

tribes

small classless family based groups of native americans

chiefdoms

similar to tribes but with a full time chief and advisory board of leaders

confederations

mainly formed for military defense, thousands of individuals under one chief and individual chiefdom leaders for a council of elders

mississippians known for

mound building

misssissippians influenced by

South American cultures- trade relationships with Aztecs

mississipians chief roles

>1000 people a chief would rule, in charge of religious festivals

effects of maize cultivation

less emphasis on hunting, more agricultural based societies

3 sisters famring

corn, beans, squash/melon

Mayan culture

365 day calender, slash and burn farming

Aztec culture

extensive irrigation techniques, structured political system

inca culture

raised llamas& alpacas and crafted metalworks

Iroquois league

council members chosen by women, built longhouses “living with the environment” instead of controlling it

white european land use

economic needs- cleared fields, bought/sold property

native American land use

relationship with land, ownership meant access to fruits of the land rather than land itself

european motivations for exploration

new knowledge (Renaissance) and 3gs

what made European exploration possible (tech)

astrolabe sextant magnetic compass, longitude and latitude

mercantilism

System of political and economic policy, evolving with nation-states seeking to secure a nation's political and economic supremacy in its rivalry with other states.

colonies expected to trade exclusively w mother country

black legend

False rumors of the Spanish killing and torturing native Americans for christ popularized by anti catholic Protestants

Pueblo revolts

po'pay organized a revolt killing 100s of Spaniards and forcing a retreat to el paso- eventually more religious tolerance

presidios

spanish defensive forts

established spanish missions

catholic Jesuits

sent from Spain to act as govenors

viceroys

triangle trade- Europe to africa

carried manufactured goods for slaves

triangle trade: Africa to Americas

slaves were brought in horrible conditions to be bought and sold

triangle trade: america to europe

slaves harvested raw materials and sent it back to europe

1. spanish caste system

1. peninsulares

2. Creoles

3. mulattos/ mestizos

4. native Indians/ slaves

peninsulares

born in Spain, live in New World

creoles

spanish but born in New world

mestizos

indian+white

mulattos

white+black

encomienda system

Spanish Crown granted settlers, land and native Americans that they could force to work as long as they converted them to Christianity

Hacienda system

Landowners employed native Americans, but paid them very little and taxed them a lot.

bartolome de las casas

advocated for native Americans and supported west African slavery instead

asiento system

spanish system for the rights of slaves

siete partidas

slaves were entitled to human rights

cimarrones

runaway slaves established hidden communities in Mexico

code noir

French system for dealing with slaves

French friendly with natives because

fur trade

established new Netherlands

Dutch west India company

frobisher voyages

looked for North route to Asia and found Antarctica

Gilbert expedition

tried to claim Newfoundland but ship sunk

Roanoke 1

military me dropped off but struggled with food and natives so they left

Roanoke 2

John white settled and went back for food and when he came back they disappeared