APUSH Ch. 27 & 28

Josiah Strong

• reverend that wrote Our Country: It's Possible Further and Its Present Crisis which looked overseas for new souls to harvest 

  • Inspired pious missionaries to spread Anglo-Saxon civilization 

  • Summoned Americans to spread their religion & values to “backwards” people 

Alfred Thayer Mahan

• naval Captain that wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History; 1660-1783 that argued the control of the sea was the key to world dominance 

  • Helped stimulate the naval race among great powers 

    • America pushed for a mightier navy 

    • American-built isthmian canal between atlantic & pacific 

Big Sister Policy

• (1880s) a foreign policy of Secretary of State James G. Blaine aimed at rallying Latin American nations behind American leaderships & opening Latin American markets to Yankee traders 

James G. Blaine

• Secretary of States that created the Big Sister Policy 

• The policy bore fruit in 1889 when Blaine presided over the First International Conference of American States 

• The beginning of series of inter-American assemblages 

Great Rapprochment

•  after decades of occasionally “twisting the lion’s tail”, American diplomats began to cultivate close, cordial relations with Great Britain at the end of the 19th century

McKinley Tariff

• (1890) Shepherded through Congress by President William McKinley, this tariff raised duties on Hawaiian sugar & set off renewed efforts to secure the annexation of Hawaii to the United States 

Queen Liliuokalani

• last Hawaiian monarch that attempted to block the whites that attempted to take Hawaii 

  • Insisted that native Hawaiians should control the islands 

  • In 1893 a small group of whites revolted that was assisted by American troops 

    • US troops landed under unauthorized orders of the expansionist American minister in Honolulu 

Sanford Dole

• wealthy plantation owner & politician in Hawaii that became president of the New Republic & provision gov’t of Hawaii after the annexation of Hawaii in 1898 

  • Was the founder of the Dole fruit company 

“Butcher” Weyler

• Spanish general that arrived in Cuba to crush the rebellion 

  • Herded civilians into barbed wire reconcentration camps 

  • They couldn’t give assistance to those in rebellion 

    • Lacked proper sanitation → killed many 

Yellow Journalism

•  journalism in the late 19th century that was mixture of facts and fiction to stir readers in one direction or another 

  • Done by William Randolph Hearst & Joseph Pulitizer 

    • Both attempted to outdo each other with stories & headlines 

  • Depicted Spanish customs officials brutally 

  • Publicized a private letter from the Spanish minister in Washington 

    • Described McKinley in unflattering terms 

William McKinley

•  (1897-1901) Republican president that struggled with waging war on Spain or not 

  • Did not want Spain to have control of Cuba 

  • Did not want Cuba to be completely independent 

  • Eventually yielded to the people & declared war 

    • Knew Spain would not follow through on demands 

Teller Amendment

• (1898) a proviso to President Wiliam McKinely’s war plans that proclaimed to the world that when the United States had to overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give Cuba its freedom 

  • Testified to the ostensible “anti-imperialist” designs of initial war plans

Theodore Roosevelt

• Assistant Secretary of the Navy that took matters into his own hands & order Commodore Dewey to ascend upon Spain’s Philippines 

Commodore Dewey

• ommander the Asiastic Squadron at Hong Kong but was told by Roosevelt to ascend upon Spain's Philippines in the event of a war

  • He sailed his 6 warships at night into the harbor of Manila 

  • Attached the 10 ship fleet of Spanish navy 

    • Dewey quickly destroyed the fleet with 0 American casualties 

      • Became a national hero 

Emilio Aguinaldo

•  part-Chinese leader that commanded Filipino insurgents that helped the US capture Manila 

  • Exiled from Philippines by Spanish in 1897 

  • Assisted the American invasion but a year later led the Filipino insurrection against the new American rulers 

• led a Filipino insurrection against America in 1899 

  • America deployed 126,000 troops to the Philippines 

• The Filipino rebels begun guerilla warfare in the jungle 

  • There became a “race war” between both sides that was deadly 

  • America built reconcentration camps similar to those of “Butcher” Weyler in cuba 

Rough Riders

• 1898) organized by Theodore Roosevelt, this was a colorful, motley regiment of Cuban war volunteers

  • Consisted of western cowboys, ex-convicts, & effete Ivy Leaguers 

  • Roosevelt emphasized his experience with the regiment in subsequent campaigns for government of NY & Vice President under McKinley 

Treaty of Paris

•  (1898) treaty that ended the Spanish-American War & allowed Cuba to be free from Spain 

  • Puerto Rico, Guam, & Philippines were annexed 

  • Spain paid the US $20 million for war

Anti-Imperialist League

• (1898-1921) a diverse group formed to protest American colonial oversight in the Philippines 

  • Included university presidents, industrialists, clergymen, and labor leaders 

  • Strongest in the Northeast, the Anti-imperialists league was the largest lobbying organization on a US foreign policy issue until the end of the 19th century 

    • Decline in strength after the US signed the Treaty of Paris (approved Philippines for annexation) & when hostilities broke out between Filipino nationalists & American forces 

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Foraker Act

• (1900) sponsored by Senator Joseph B. Foraker, a Republican form Ohio, this accorded Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government 

  • First congressional effort to provide for governance of territories acquired after Spanish-American War 

    • Model for a similar act adopted for the Philippines in 1902 

    • Congress granted Puerto Ricans citizenship in 1917 but withheld self-rule

  • America improved Puerto Rico’s education, sanitation, transportation

    • Many inhabitants still wanted complete independence 

      • Moved to NYC 

Insular Cases

• (1901-1904) beginning in 1901, a badly divided Supreme Court decreed in these cases that the Constitution did not follow the flag 

  • Puerto RIcans & Filipinos would not necessarily enjoy all American rights

Platt Amendment

• (1901) following its military occupation, the United States successfully pressured the Cuban government to write this amendment into its constitution 

  • Limited Cuba’s treaty-making abilities, controlled its debt, & stipulated that the US could intervene militarily to restore order when saw fit

  • Cubans promised not to sell or lease needed coaling or naval stations 

White Man’s Burden

•  Rudyard Kipling’s poem published by a New York newspaper that justified American imperialism in the Philippines → the phrase became widely used 

• Americans infiltrated a guerilla camp in 1901 & captured Aguinaldo

  • The fighting would drag on for many months after though 

Secretary of State John Hay

• US Secretary of State that was a poet-novelist-diplomat that dispatched a communication known as the Open Door Note to the great powers 

Open Door Note

• (1899-1900) a set of diplomatic letters in which Secretary of State John Hay urged the great powers to respect Chinese rights & free & open competition within their spheres of influence 

  • Established the “Open Door policy” which sought to ensure access to the Chinese market for the US 

  • Despite the fact that it didn't have a formal sphere of influence 

Boxer Rebellion

• (1900) an uprising in China directed against foreign influence 

  • It was suppressed by an international force of 18,000 soldiers 

  • Paved the way for the revolution of 1911 

    • Led to the establishment of Republic of China in 1912

• John Hay announced that the Open Door would embrace the territorial integrity of China in 1900

  • It would also add to its commercial integrity 

Panama Canal

• canal built through Panama by the US to allow passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans without having to go around the tip of South America 

  • The Colombian government originally rejected the US offers of money & building the canal

    • After a revolt in Panama the new governing officials allowed the US to build it

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

• (1901) a treaty signed between the US and Great Britain giving Americans a free hand ot build a canal in Central America 

  • The treaty nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 that prohibited Britain or the US from acquiring territory in Central America

Big Stick Diplomacy

• diplomatic policy adopted by Teddy Roosevelt that used a big stick to symbolized his power & readiness to use military force to get what he wanted 

  • Showed the imperialistic ways of America 

• The Panama Canal begun construction in 1904 

Roosevelt Corollary

•  (1904) a brazen policy of “preventive intervention” advocated by Theodore Roosevelt in his annual message to Congress in 1904 

  • Adding ballast to the Monroe Doctrine, his corollary stipulated that the US would retain a right to intervene in the domestic affairs of Latin American nations in order to restore military & financial order 

    • In 1905 the US took over tariff collections in Dominican Republic 

  • Justified interventions & repeated landing of marines in the Caribbean 

Root Takahira Agreement

• (1908) agreement by which the US and Japan agreed to respect each other’s territorial possessions in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door in China 

  • Agreement was credited with easing tensions between the two nations 

  • Also resulted in a weakened American influence over further Japanese hegemony in China 

 

Social Gospel

• a reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing & living conditions for the urban poor 

  • Popular at the turn of the 20th century → linked to settlement house movement 

    • Brought middle class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with immigrantsP & working people

  • Based on Christian teaching 

    • Used religious doctrine to demand better living conditions 

  • University based economists urged new reforms modeled on European examples

  • Feminists added social justice to suffrage on to reforms 

Jane Addams

• founder of the settlement house movement & Hull House, worked to improve living & working conditions 

Muckrakers

• bright young reporters at the turn of 20th century who won this unfavorable moniker from Theodore Roosevelt 

  • Boosted the circulations of their magazines by writing exposes of widespread corruption in American society 

  • Their subjects included business, manipulation of government, white slavers, child labor, & illegal deeds of trusts 

    • Spur the passage of reform legislation 

    • Attacked trusts & monopolies 

    • Assailed malpractices of life insurance companies & tariff lobbies 

    • Beef trust, money trust, railroad barons, & corrupt massesLooked at “white slave” traffic in women, workplace accidents, & slums

    • Unmasked racial inequality in the South

Ballot Initiative

• a progressive reform measure allowing voters to petition to have a law placed on the general ballot 

  • Like the referendum & recall → brought democracy to the people 

  • Fostered a shift toward interest group politics 

    • Moved away from old political “machines” 

Referendum

•  a progressive reform procedure allowing voters to place a bill on the ballot for final approval, even after being passed by the legislature 

  • Final approval by the people 

Recall

•  a progressive ballot procedure allowing voters to remove elected officials from office 

Australian Ballot

• a system that allows voters privacy in marking their ballot choices 

  • Developed in Australia in the 1850s

  • Introduced to the United States during the progressive era to help counteract boss rule

    • Bribery was less favorable = didn’t know if it was working 

17th Amendment

• amendment passed in 1913 & added to the Constitution that established the direct election of US senators 

Women’s Suffrage Movement

• progressives supported the goal of female reformers to gain voting rights in the early 1900s

  • Political reformers believed that women’s votes would elevate the political tone & foes of the saloon felt that they could count on the support of enfranchised females 

    • The suffragists protested bitterly against “Taxation without Representation” 

    • Many states in the West (Washington, California, & Oregon) gradually extended the right to vote to women 

      • By 1910 nationwide suffrage for women was still a decade away 

Robert La Follete

• governor of Wisconsin that was the most militant of the progressive Republican leaders he became governor in 1901 after fighting monopoly 

  • Routing the lumber & railroad interests he wrested considerable control from the crooked corporations & returned it to the people 

    • Perfected a scheme for regulating public utilities, while laboring with faculty at University of Madison 

Muller v. Oregon

• 1908) a landmark Supreme Court case in which crusading attorney (& future Supreme Court Justice) Louis D. Brandei persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of limited the hours of women workers 

  • Coming on the heels of Lochner v. New York, it established a different standard for male & female workers 

  • Presented the harmful effects of factories on females “weak” bodies 

    • Focused more on reform that helped women & children over everyone 

Lochner v. New York

• (1905) a setback for labor reformers, this Supreme Court decision invalidated a state law establishing a 10-hour day for bakers 

  • It held that the ”right ot free contract” was implicit in the due process clause of the 14the amendment

  • In 1917 the court would upheld a 10-hour law for factory workers 

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

• (1911) the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in NYC did not follow laws regulating the factory which led to the death of 146 workers who were young female immigrants 

  • The factory burst into flames but the doors were locked → trapping the workers 

    • Many were incinerated or leapt from the 8th & 9th story windows 

  • Women workers had a massive strike that made the NY legislature pass much stronger laws regulating the hours & conditions of sweatshops 

    • Other legislatures would follow 

    • By 1917 there were compensation laws on the books 

      • Provided insurance for workers injured in industrial accidents 

Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

• anti liquor campaign that was organized in 1874 that worked to ban the sale of liquor 

  • Founder Frances E. Willard mobilized nearly 1 million women to “make the world homelike” 

    • Would be the largest organization of women in the world 

  • Pushed some states to pass “dry” laws which controlled, restricted, or abolished alcohol 

    • In 1914 nearly half the population lived in “dry” territory 

Theodore Roosevelt

• the 26th American president that was known for his progressive ways 

“Square Deal”

• Roosevelt demanded a “square deal” for capital, labor, and the public at large 

  • It would control corporations, consumer protection, & conservation of natural resources 

• The “Square Deal” had its acid test in 1902 when a crippling strike broke out in the coal mines of Pennsylvania 

  • 140,000 workers (illiterate immigrants) had been exploited & had accidents 

  • Demanded improvements & a 20% increase in pay & reduction in working day from 10 to 9 hours

    • Mine owners refused to negotiate → figured public would get mad 

  • Coal supplies began to dwindle = factories & schools forced to shut down

    • Roosevelt summoned miners & mine owners to the White House 

    • He was annoyed by the bad temper of the mine owners 

      • He threatened to seize the mines & operate theme with federal troops 

      • First time ever a threat to use federal bayonets against capital rather than labors 

    • A compromise gave the miners 10% pay boost & 9 hour work day 

Elkins Act

• (1903) law passed by Congress to impose penalties on railroads that offered rebates & customers who accepted them 

  • The law strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 

  • The Hepburn Act of 1906 added free passes to the list of railroad no-no’s 

    • Free passes with the hint of bribery were severely restricted 

    • The Interstate Commerce Commission was expanded to express companies, sleeping-car companies, & pipelines 

Upton Sinclair

• American Socialist that wrote the novel The Jungle in which he intended to focus on the plight of workers in the big canning factories 

The Jungle

• (1906) novel that was meant to showcase the plight of workers in the canning industry but instead appalled the public with the description of the unsanitary food products 

  • Described the filth, disease, & putrefaction in Chicago’s slaughterhouses 

  • Readers (including Roosevelt) were sickened by the descriptions 

    • Roosevelt was moved by the novel & appointed a special investing commission to look at the reports of Sinclair’s novel 

  • It related how piles of rats, rope ends, splinters, etc. were canned as potted ham

Meat Inspection Act

• (1906) a law passed by Congress to subject meat shipped over state lines to federal inspection 

  • The publication of Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle earlier that year so disgusted American consumers with it description of conditions in slaughterhouse & meat packing plants that it mobilized public support for gov’t action 

    • Large meat packers accepted it → opportunity to drive smaller competitors out 

Pure Food and Drug Act

• (1906) a law passed by Congress to inspect & regulate the labeling of all foods & pharmaceuticals intended for human consumption 

  • This legislation & additional provisions in 1911 aimed particularly at the patent medicine industry 

    • The more comprehensive Food, Drug, & Cosmetic Act of 1938 replaced this 

Gifford Pinchot

• head of the US federal Division of Forestry that wanted to make use of natural resources while conserving them 

  • Had broken important ground before Roosevelt 

• Roosevelt’s chief forester believed that wilderness was a waste 

  • They wanted to preserve the land while using its natural resources 

  • Pinchot & Roosevelt had to battle against greedy commercial interest which abused nature & preservationists that wanted to keep the wild wild 

• Taft dismissed Pinchot for insubordination → protests from conservationists 

  • The way Taft dealt with the Ballinger-Pinchot Quarrel of 1910 angered the public 

    • Secretary of Interior Richard Ballinger opened public land in Wyoming, Montana, & Alaska to corporate development

    • Gifford Pinchot criticized Ballinger’s action 

Hetch Hetchy Valley

• the federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913 

  • This was a low to preservationists who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park where the dam was located 

John Muir

• naturalist that believed nature should be left in its wild state & protected. Founder of the Sierra Club 

Panic of 1907

• the short recession in 1907 that set a financial panic on Wall Street that frightened “runs” on banks, suicides, & criminal indictments against speculators 

  • Roosevelt was blamed for the recession as he “meddled” too much

  • Accused certain people of deliberately engineering the monetary crisis to force the gov’t to relax its assault of trusts 

  • Would pave the way for long overdue monetary reforms 

    • Precipitating a currency shortage → need for more elastic medium of exchange

    • Banks were unable to increase the volume of $ in circulation

      • Those in ample reserve were hesitant to loan $$

    • 1908 Congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act 

      • Authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral 

        • Eventually Federal Reserve Act of 1913 

William Howard Taft

• Secretary of War & mild progressive who Roosevelt chose to run as his successor

  • Taft won against the Democrat William Jennings Bryan in the election of 1908 

  • Was a very mild progressive & was very passive when it came to Congress/telling others what to do 

Dollar Diplomacy

• name applied by President Taft’s critics to the policy of supporting US investments & political interest abroad 

  • First applied to the financing of railways in China after 1909 

  • Spread to Haiti, Honduras, & Nicaragua 

  • President Woodrow Wilson disavowed the practice 

    • Administration undertook comparactable acts of interevent in support of US business interest in latin America 

Payne-Aldrich Bill

• while intended to lower tariff rates, this bill was eventually revised beyond all recognition, retaining high rates on most imports 

  • President Taft angered the progressive wing of his party when declaring it the best bill that the Republicans ever passed 

Woodrow Wilson

• Democratic party’s candidate in the election of 1912 (would win the election) he was once a mild conservative but became a militant progressive 

  • Was President of Princeton University & governor of NJ 

  • While governor of New Jersey he promised to return state gov’t to the people 

New Freedom

• (1912) platform or reforms advocated by Woodrow Wilson in his first presidential campaign 

  • Included stronger antitrust legislation to protect small business enterprises form monopolies 

  • Banking reform & tariff reductions 

  • Wilson’s strategy involved taking action to increase opportunities for capitalist competition rather than increasing gov’t regulation of large trusts 

Bull Moose Party

• progressive third party in the election of 1912 formed to nominate Roosevelt after he lost the Republican nomination to Taft 

  • Showed progressive support for social justice & women 

    • Jane Addams was the one to place Roosevelt’s name on the ballot 

New Nationalism

• (1912) State-interventionist reform program devised by journalist Herbert Croly & advocated by Theodore Roosevelt during his Bull Moose presidential campaign 

  • Roosevelt did not object to continued consolidation of trust & labor unions 

  • Sough to create stronger regulatory agencies to ensure that they operated to serve the public interest not just private gain 

• Campaigned for women’s suffrage & broad program of social welfare

  • Minimum wage laws & publicly supported health care 

Election of 1912

• presidential election between Democrat Woodrow Wilson vs. Republican William Taft vs. Bull Moose Theodore Roosevelt vs. Socialist Eugene V. Debs 

  • Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson would win the election 

  • Roosevelt would split the Republican party → allow Democrats to win 

    • Election offered voters a choice of politics & political/economic philosophies