Kinesiology - Intro to Anatomy, Osteology, Joints

Kinesiology

human movement across all dimensions

Kinematics

examines space and time of movement without regards to involved forces

Kinetics

examines forces involved

Linear Motion

translational; all points move the same distance at the same time

Angular Motion

rotational motion; all points move about the same angle

Statics

systems not moving or at a constant speed

Dynamics

systems thar are moving/accelerating

Anatomical Position - body erect, head forward, arms hanging down

Saggital

Transverse

Frontal

What axis of rotation is perpendicular to Transverse Plane?

Longitudinal Axis

What axis of rotation is perpendicular to Sagittal Plane?

Mediolateral Axis

What axis of rotation is perpendicular to Frontal Plane?

Anteroposterior Axis

Flexion

decreasing joint angle

Extension

increasing joint angle

Abduction

moving away from the midline

Adduction

moving toward the midline

Lateral flexion

aka side bending; head and trunk only

Circumduction

multiplanar movement

Functions of Skeletal System

Structure, movement, protection, mineral storehouse, blood cell production

Example of long bone

tibia

Example of short bone

carpals

Example of flat bone

sternum

Example of irregular bone

sacrum

Example of sesamoid bone

patella

Bone composition (water)

25-30%

Bone composition (minerals)

60-70%

What minerals are in bone?

calcium phosphate and collagen

What does calcium phosphate help in?

density

What does collagen help in?

tension resistance, bending, twisting

Function of osteoblasts?

build bone

Function of osteoclasts?

carve/breaks down bone

Function of osteocytes?

maintains bones

What are the bone tissues?

Cortical and Travecular

Function of Cortical tissue?

compact; very dense; high bone mass; outer shell of long bones

Function of Trabecular bones?

cancellous; porous and spongy; end of long bones; not very dense

Internal factors bone can adapt to?

hormone levels, calcium concentrations

External factors bones can adapt to?

mechanical loads

Bone remodeling

resorption and replacement of bone

Woff’s Law

bone can structurally adapt to repaired imposed focus placed upon it

Stress

force per unit area

Strain

resulting deformation

Elastic response?

returns to original shape after load is removed

Plastic loading?

loading past yield point

What happens after continued loading?

Fracture

What happens after the load is removed

permanent deformation

Viscoelastic

stretch, spring back, resist motion, absorb energy

Compression

ends of bones are pressed

Tension

ends are stretched

Shear

parallel

Torsion

twisting face

Bending

no direct support

What does high rate of loading do?

higher risk of injury

What do bones need to grow and strengthen?

Mechanical stress

Where do stress fractures come from?

repetitive muscles forces pulling on the bone; muscle fatigue

Effect of little exercise on bone health?

loss of bone mass

Proper diet to maintain bone health?

calcium, vitamin D/C, low sugar/fat intake, dietary protein

Osteopenia

mild bone loss (lower bone density)

Osteoporosis

severe bone loss

What demographic is the increased risk of osteoporosis?

post-menopausal women

Tendon

connective tissue that connects muscle to bone; parallel arranged; transmits muscle force to bone to produce movement; stronger

Ligament

connective tissue that connects bones to bones; irregularly arranged; resists tensile forces; loading it makes it stronger and stiffer

Joint stability:

reisstance to dislocation

Joint mobility:

range of motion

Synarthroses

no joint movement

Amphiarthroses

limited movement

Diarthroses

free movements

Fibrous

bound by collagen fibers; little/no movement

Cartilaginous

bound by cartilage; no joint cavity

Synovial

most common; in the hip, knee, ankle, hip, ankle, shoulder, elbow, wrist

Cartilage

firm, flexible tissue; nourished by synovial fluid

What happens due to cartilage having no blood supply?

harder for recovery

Articular/Hyaline cartilage

covers joint ends at articulations; 60-80% water, collagen, and proteoglycan

Fibrocartilage

at the meniscus and labrum; synovial fluid and blood vessels in the outer region; reduce friction at the body’s stress point

Joint movements

gliding, angular and rotational movements

Gliding Joint

opposing flat or slightly curved surfaces; on one another; no axis of rotation

Hinge Joint

angular motion about a fixed axis

Pivot Joint

uniaxial; axis runs longitudinally along a bone

Ellipsoidal Joint

unstable joints formed by articulation of a shallow convex surface of one bone with concave surface of another

Saddle Joint

one bone sits on another

Ball and Socket Joint

rounded end housed in a depression

Arthritis

inflammation of a joint

Osteoarthritis

hyaline articular cartilage breakdown —> degenerative

Rheumatoid Arthritis

autoimmune condition; inflammation of the synovium

Effect of close packed position of joint

max stability

Effect of loose packed position of joint

articular surfaces are in minimal contact