Final Review

Columbian Exchange

The global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and disease pathogens that took place after voyages of exploration by Christopher Columbus.

Missionary religions

Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity, which specifically urged Christians to spread their faith throughout the world.

Factors driving European exploration

The spread of religion and the search for new goods.

Trading post empire

A system where countries controlled trade routes through ownership of trade posts, allowing them to dominate trade without occupying large territories.

Adam Smith's ideas

The Scottish capitalist philosopher argued that society would prosper when individuals pursued their own economic interests.

Ptolemaic universe

The belief that the Earth was motionless and surrounded by nine hollow spheres, created by Greek scholar Claudias Ptolemy.

Impact of 'Old World' diseases

The introduction of diseases like smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, and influenza to the Americas resulted in the death of many native tribes.

Inca/Aztec empires

The Inca Empire in Peru was conquered by Pizarro, while the Aztec Empire in Mexico was conquered by Hernan Cortez.

English colonies and private investment

The East India Company played a significant role in English colonization and trade.

Peninsulares

Migrants born in the Iberian peninsula in Europe, specifically referring to Spanish migrants born in Europe, who occupied the top of the social hierarchy.

Triangular trade

The trade network between Africa, Britain, and the U.S., where Africa provided slaves, the U.S. provided tobacco and agriculture, and Britain provided textiles.

Reasons for polygamy in West African societies

Due to a shortage of men, caused by the demand for male slaves and the desire for more children in the country.

Queen Nzinga

A warrior queen who mobilized central African peoples against her Portuguese adversaries and aimed to drive the Portuguese out of her land.

Kongo's Afonso I

King of Kongo who converted to Christianity and aligned with the Portuguese, extending Kongo's borders.

Restricted trade under Qing dynasty

The Qing dynasty in China implemented restrictions on trade to maintain stability in a large agrarian society.

Foot binding in Ming and Qing dynasties

A practice limited to wealthy females in China, which showed wealth but also prevented them from working due to the pain it caused.

Qing dynasty

The Qing dynasty in China aimed to maintain stability and favored Chinese political and cultural traditions.

Confucianism in China

A moral code emphasizing harmony, love, ethics, education, and civil service tests to obtain government positions.

Purpose of the Great Wall of China

To keep militarized nomads out of China, with watchtowers, signal towers, and accommodations for troops stationed at the border.

Islamic empires

Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires, with the Ottomans becoming a major naval power under Suleyman.

Battle of Chaldiran

The Ottomans defeated the Safavids using gunpowder weapons, leading to the establishment of a border between the two empires.

Migratory movements between 1500 and 1800

The majority of movements were slaves being traded to the Americas.

Results of Peace of Westphalia

Established European states that were equal and recognized by each other.

Ninety-Five Theses

Complaints made by Martin Luther against the Catholic Church, which started the Protestant Reformation.

Decline of Islamic empires

European control of Indian Ocean trade, ethnic differences, internal conflicts, and external invasions contributed to the decline of Islamic empires.

Competition for the throne in Islamic empires

A major problem in Islamic empires, characterized by bloody competition among heirs.

Unification of Germany

Germany provoked wars with neighboring countries to achieve unification.

Haiti and the results of its revolution

The first successful slave revolt, resulting in Haiti gaining independence from France.

Locke's philosophy

John Locke believed in individual sovereignty, natural rights, limited government involvement, and democracy.

Late 1770s and Enlightenment revolutions

The Enlightenment led to the industrial age and the age of reason.

Fourier and Owen

Utopian socialists who believed in pressure-free utopian communities based on communal living and shared work and resources.

Marx and Engels classes

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were communist thinkers concerned with the work and ownership of property, distinguishing between the capitalist class (haves) and the proletariat (have nots).

Industrial era moves from manual power to machine

The industrial era transitioned from manual power to steam-powered machines.

Putting-out system vs

The putting-out system