Final Review
Columbian Exchange and widespread goods- the global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and disease pathogens that took place after voyages of exploration by Christopher Columbus. Smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, and influenza
Missionary religions- Buddhism, Islam, Christianity. Specifically urged Christians to spread their fair throughout the world.
Factors driving European exploration- spread of religion, to find new goods
Benefits of ‘trading post empire’- they were able to control trade routes when they owned trade posts. English and Dutch had the joint-stock company enabled investors to realize profits while limiting risk to investors. The East India Company was a powerful joint stock company.
The ideas of Adam Smith- Scottish capitalist philosopher who argued that society would prosper when individuals pursued their own economic interests
Ptolemaic universe- Earth was motionless surrounded by 9 hollow spheres. Created by Greek scholar Claudias Ptolemy. The first seven spheres had one of the observable heavenly bodies- the sun, the moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Eight sphere had the stars. Ninth sphere empty.
Impact of ‘Old World’ diseases- Killed many native tribes
Inca/Aztec empires- In Peru. Conquered by Pizarro, who began an empire for the Spanish in 1535. Last ruler was Atahualpa. Aztec: Empire in Mexico. Conquered by Spaniard Hernan Cortez. Known for warriors. Main ruler was Moctezuma II.
English colonies and private investment- East India company.
Peninsulares- Migrants born in the Iberian peninsula in Europe (Spanish Migrants born in Europe). These were the top of the social hierarchy.
Triangular trade- Trade with Africa, Britain, and the U.S. Africa provided slaves to U.S., U.S. provided tobacco and agriculture, Britain provided textiles
Reasons for polygamy in west African societies- There were more women than men due to male slaves being more in demand. Wanted more children in the country.
Queen Nzinga- Mobilized central African peoples against her Portuguese adversaries. Allied with Dutch mariners. Aimed to drive Portuguese out of her land. Warrior queen. Disguised as a man. Ruled over Ndongo people
Kongo’s Afonso I- King Nzinga Mbemba. King of Kongo and converted to Christianity. Aligned with Portuguese. Extended Kongo borders
Restricted trade under Qing dynasty- They wanted to maintain stability in a large agrarian society.
Foot binding in Ming and Qing dynasties- Only rich females were allowed to do it. It showed wealth because it hurt the foot so badly that they couldn’t walk not allowing them to work.
Qing dynasty- Means pure. Political concern was maintaining stability in a large agrarian society. Favored Chinese political and cultural traditions.
Confucianism in China- Moral code. Harmony, love, ethics and education, civil service tests full of ideas in order to get government position.
Purpose of the Great Wall of China- keep militarized nomads out of China. Had watchtowers, signal towers, and accommodations for troops stationed at the border
Islamic empires- Ottoman empire, Safavid empire, Mughal empire. Ottoman soldiers called Janissaries. Ottoman empire so far East it borders with Safavid empire. Ottomans required Christian population of the Balkans to contribute young boys to become slaves of the sultan. Under Suleyman Ottomans became major naval power.
Battle of Chaldiran: using gun powder weapons, Ottomans beat Safavids who adopt this sort of artillery after. Border was set up between two empires. Borders still exists today between Iran and Iraq. Iran continued to be mostly Shi’a. After Sunni Ottomans were unable to occupy all Safavid lands.
Benefits of ‘trading post empire’- Countries could control major trades but didn’t have to occupy large chunks of land.
Migratory movements between 1500 and 1800- Majority were slaves being traded to the Americas
Results of Peace of Westphalia- Established European states that were equal and recognized by each other.
Ninety-Five Theses- complaints made by Martin Luther against Catholic Church. Nailed to the church university door. Started Protestant Reformation
Ottoman’s boundary with the Safavid- so far east it reaches the border
Decline of Islamic empires- European control of Indian ocean trade did not led to the decline of Islamic empires. Ethnic differences in the ever-expanding empire. Internal conflict between Sunni and Shiites. Mamluk (Turkish slaves) revolts. External foes: the Persians. Europeans, and Byzantines. Mongol invasion in 1258 destroying Baghdad colonization.
Competition for the throne in Islamic empires- major problem in Islamic empires. Bloody competition among heirs
Unification of Germany- Germany provoked wars with neighboring countries
Haiti and the results of its revolution- First successful slave revolt. Haiti won its independence from France. Sait Domingue became Haiti.
Locke’s philosophy- Sovereignty is withing the people. Natural rights: life, liberty, pursuit of property. Less government involvement. Democracy. Enlightenment ideas.
Late 1770’s and Enlightenment revolutions- moved towards industrial; age of reason
Fourier and Owen- Utopian socialists who believed in a pressure-free utopian community. (communal living, do what you want, work and resources shares)
Marx and Engels classes- capitalist (haves) proletariat (have nots). Communist thinkers. Concerned work and ownership of property.
Industrial era moves from manual power to machine- used to be manual power then moved to steam
Putting-out system vs. factory system- putting out system was pre-industrialization, worked in homes. Factory system was machines and workers, worked in factories, dominant system by end of 19 century
Standard Oil- Rockefeller ruled the Standard Oil company and Trust, controlled almost all oil drilling, processing, refining, marketing, distribution
Manifest Destiny- American right to expand and colonize its reach across the land (Atlantic to Pacific)
End of Reconstruction- resulted in quick loss of certain liberties for slaves such as civil and voting rights for African Americans. Freedom for former slaves. Back to Africa program
Little Big Horn vs. Wounded Knee- Little Big Horn was a major win for the Lakota (defeated U.S. troops); Wounded knee was the massacre of the natives
Zapata’s beliefs- Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican rev. called for land reforms and rights for rural poor and farmers. Tried to spit up wealthy land owners. Later assassinated.
Importance of rail in the US- Transported goods easier (cornerstone to US economic development)
Crimean War and its results- Russian expansion into Caucasus in larger attempt to establish control over weakening Ottoman empire. Threatened to upset balance of power led Europeans to become involved. Russia driven back from Crimea in humiliating defeat. Russia didn’t control ottoman lands.
Selim III- Ottoman sultan who attempted to modernize the ottoman empire (Nizam program & Westernization & military) assassinated by Janissaries
Reforms in 19th century Russia- Emancipation of the serfs. Then began to industrialize
Opium War- Illegal but poor enforcement. Increasing trade and social ills evident by late 1830s. Chinese moved to enforce ban. British agents engaged in military relation. Chinese easily defeated by British naval forces. Nanjing treaty ended opium war.
The opening of Japan- Mattew Perry forced Japan to open its border to trade. Japan reluctant. Some preferred tradition while others embraced the new lifestyle and culture. Threatened military force.
Boers- Dutch settlers in Africa
‘The White Man’s Burden’- Rudyard Kipling is the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring their ideas of order and enlightenment to distant places. Moral responsibility of Western colonial powers to civilize and uplift “less civilized” societies. Promotes the concept of imperialism as a duty.
Sepoys- Indian soldiers. Uprising in 1857 led by angry Sepoy troops. British and Indian troops.
Monroe Doctrine- claimed all of the U.S. as a protectorate and served as a justification for later U.S. intervention in hemispheric affairs. Any attempt by European powers to interfere in affairs of the western hemisphere would be considered threats to U.S.
Berlin Conference- Splitting Africa into colonies without their input. Germany
1917 and the Russian Revolution- Overthrow of the Royal family in Russia (Romanov) Russians lost faith in gov. with Czar Nicholas II.
Gavrilo Princip- Bosnian Serb (1894-1918) One of seven assassins. First balked, second bungled, attempted suicide. Short Ferdinand and expectant wife, Sophie. Swallowed ineffective cyanide then captured by mob and tortured. Too young to be executed. Sentenced to 20 years in prison. Died of tuberculosis.
Triple Alliance- consisted of Germany, Italy, Austria- Hungary.
Schlieffen plan- created by Alfred von Schlieffen. Plan for France to be defeated swiftly. Attention then turned to Russia.
WWI and the western front- central vs. axis powers (French v. German). Trench warfare. bloody stalemate. Major battles.
Black Thursday- October 24, 1929; stock market crashes
John Maynard Keynes- wanted to stimulate economy. Increase gov. spending (tax cuts, public works projects). Flexible fiscal and monetary policies to stabilize economy in both short and long term
First Five-Year Plan- heavy industries, achieving unprecedented growth rates, implementing centralized economic planning, industrialize, collectivization of agriculture, electrification projects, expansion of transportation infrastructure, creation of industrial complexes.
National Socialism in Germany- Nazi party run by Adolf Hitler
Nuremberg Laws- taking away citizenship of Jewish Germans
Satyagraha- Ghandi’s passive resistance. (truth and firmness) peaceful protests
India Act 1937- gave institutions of a self-governing state to India, although the British government still exercised overall control
Anti-colonial movements in Asia and Africa- Fueled by economic exploitation, cultural suppression, and nationalism. Supported by European educated indigenous elites. Leaders like Ghandi, Nkrumah, and Kenyatta employed non-violent resistance or armed struggle.
Great Depression and the rise of fascism- Global economic crisis with widespread unemployment. Impact on industrialized nations, causing production and trade decline. Fascist leaders like Mussolini and Hitler exploited economic discontent. High unemployment and nationalism contributed to the appeal of fascist ideologies.
Eastern bloc vs. democratic countries in Cold War- Eastern bloc: played a significant role in defeating Nazi Germany on Eastern front. Democratic countries: fought against the Axis power in Europe, Africa, and Pacific to secure victory in the war.
How was the Cuban Missiole Crisis resolved- peacefully through intense diplomatic negotiations which included: U.S. pledge not to invade Cuba. Private dismantling of U.S. mistles in Turkey. Soviet Union’s agreement to remove mistles from Cuba.
Importance of Nazi panzers- Highly mobile and heavily armored tank divisions. Employed innovative blitzkrieg tactics. Emphasized rapid movement and coordination between infantry and armored units. Effectiveness is displayed in invasions of Poland and France.
Pan-Arab Power struggle- Manifested itself in Asia with Iran and Iraq.
Terrorism in post-WWII world- September 11, 2001. Masterminded by Islamic militant Osama bin Laden (1957-2011), leader of al-Qaeda (the base)
Saddam Hussein- Led Ba’ath party which seized power in Iraq in 1968. Invaded Kuwait (1990) Executed in 2006.
World Trade Organization- cover and control trade around the world. International organization that helps global trade by providing framework for negotiating trade agreements, settling disputes, and enforcing rules among its member countries. Still helps today.
Détente- slowing/pulling back from the cold war. Period of relaxation. Improved relations between US and Soviet Union. De-escalation of military tensions. Mitigated risk of nuclear conflict.
Importance of the Battle of Stalingrad- turning point in WWII. Soviet Union successfully defended city against German army. First major defeat of Axis powers.
Lack of total war in Vietnam- American officials wouldn’t not wage.
Algeria 1954-1962- French colony by 1940’s had 2 million French civilians who had gov support in their desire to deny this colony independence.
Vietnamese Declaration of Independence- Asserts right to self-determination after the end of WWII and defeat of Japanese occupation. Declared independence.
Artificial post-colonial boundaries in Africa- Established during the colonial era with no regard for ethnic, cultural, or history realities. Source of conflicts and challenges for many African nations.