Alcohols

R-OH

written as

“-ol”

suffix in iupac naming

1. weakly acid

2. polar because of hydrogen bonding (-OH)

characteristics of alcohols

miscible in water

1-5 Carbons in water

immiscible in water

≥ 6 Carbons in water

Methanol

ethanol

octanol

“-diol”

naming if there are 2 -OH groups

“-triol”

naming if there are 3 -OH groups

glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol)

primary (1°)

secondary (2°)

tertiary (3°)

alcohol classifications

C-OH carbon attached to one carbon

C-OH carbon attached to two carbons

C-OH carbon attached to three carbons

propyl alcohol

propanol

isopropanol

ispropyl alcohol

propanol and isopropanol

positional isomers of cyclohexanol

carbolic acid

old name of phenol

glycol

old name for diols

vicinal diols

OH groups are on adjacent carbons

geminal diols

both OH group on same Carbon

1. dehydration

2. oxidation

3. grignard rxn

three alcohol reactions

dehydration

works on ≥ 2 Carbons

alcohol loses water (H2O) which forms alkene

ethanol

the simplest 2C alcohol

Oxidation of alcohols

A chemical reaction where alcohols lose hydrogen or gain oxygen, forming carbonyl compounds:

• Primary alcohol → aldehyde → carboxylic acid

• Secondary alcohol → ketone

• Tertiary alcohol → no reaction (under normal conditions)

0 Order Kinetics

the Order Kinetics alcohol follows

0 Order Kinetics

A type of drug reaction where the rate of elimination is constant and does NOT depend on drug concentration. A fixed amount of drug is removed per unit time.

Example: ethanol (at high concentrations), phenytoin (at higher doses)

True or False: 3° alcohols do not undergo oxidation

grignard’s reaction

a reaction where carbonyl is converted into an alcohol. it has reagents such as RMgX