Media Industries test 2

Radio in America

many radio shows become weekly (different than new movies each day)

no screen but people watched radio

started off as a gimmick, could have been many forms

-started as emergency communicator (think titanic)

Development of commercial network radio in the US in the 1930s

commercialization impacted everything; free for listeners, had but endless commercials many stations across the US, most of them carried the national nighttime primetime programming controlled by TWO networks (NBC and CBS)

Chaos in the 1920s

thousands of random talk, broadcasts, and music

universities newspapers indviduals and stores (these crowded signals bumped into each other)

The enterpernuers want to make big bussiness

RCA controls patents on radio equipment and sets

government overnship and regularion (not on movies tho) Us is onlt commerical system (BBC at the time)

FC says favor public intrest

to do this they used commerical advertisments --pain to many consumers

Hollywood Decline/ Challenges 1946-1960

coming home from war made post war housing shortaged-- new families and dreams of suburbia

-baby boom

Everyone moving to suburbia caused movies

to plumet in attendence- cant go to city only one car and no parking spots

theaters closed 48%

innovations for movies

selling popcorn

drive in theaters

film noir

big flashy musicals

the inner cities

become ghettos -suburbs take money away from cities (n movies)

latinos and aa living there now

1948 Paramount Decree

US Supreme Court breaks up studio control

companies can't own all 3 (production, distrbution, exhibiton)

forced to sell off all their theaters chains and block booking

Changes Studios no need to fill theaters 52 weeks a year and dont need expensive studios (cut employess ans stars)

Outcomes for US movie industry in 1960s

Fewer films made, but more money spent on each big picture

stopped making newsreels, b=films, shorts, cartoons

NOW INDIE FILMS AND BLOCKBUSTERS (also epics for the higher class)

colorful films and big movies to compete with black and white tv images

movie audience becomes fragmented

What happened to commercial network radio in 1946-1960

Dominance in commericals/sponors allowed the already radio shows to stay(people wanted something news and stopped listening to radio and went to tv)

ww2 overveiw

starts sep. 1939 in Europe

96% of US wanted to be isolated and stay out of the war

then pearl harbor dec 7th 1941

1942 what is government created and what did it do

Office of war Information

All media must help get and keep americans in the war spirt (didn't control the media but wanted to get messages out)

glorify US way of life, support allies, depict enemy and their philosophy, etc, *CasaBlanca

WW2 on the homefront

whole US economy given to war aims-push women to work

rationing- nothing to buy but STILL ADVERTISING

prejudice against japanese americans (interment camps)

women had new role model rosie the Riveter

Soldiers/training and entertainment

private SNAFU- cartoon series for soldiers

radio for troops overseas

comic books for soliders/kids/everyone. SUPERHEROS!

AA: Media to be more inclusive of minorities

Nicholas Brothers in Stormy Weather

NEWS BECOMES MAJOR FACTOR ON RADIO

Hollywood Studios and Radio networks get pressure from OWI

cartoons would be very offensive today (Hitler Donald)

musicals dramas and shorts

CasaBlanca

has star power and romance

sacrfices for the grater good are important (what it teaches)

filled wartime need for idealism and courage

Film Noir (1941-1958)

Black and white (came from german expresonisim)

dark cynical dectective films, violent murder mysteries, physologial thrillers, unhappy endings

made up crime fiction of 1930s-40s

Dark Streets of LA and NY with crime and mayhem

cheap shooting locations

(Batman)

TV arrives 1945-1960

tiny like 2 phines put together

almost ready to start in 1939 but then stop bc war

early tvs were very expensive--lots of ads for why u need one

didn't start out nationwide. took longer than movies and tv cuz needed sound and picture together

just 3 channels to watch when could be 100 (CBS and NBC then ABC later on)

lots of investors wanted a liscens for tv but freeze from 1948-1952 on stations to prevent too many signals together

Radio shows were going to tv so..

content transitioned to something else

lead to start of pop music and sports radtio

4 intresting programing genres/types on US TV 1948-1960

50s Golden Age

NY centered Live TV productions

Vanderville of NY comedians in Live comedy/variety shows

Domestic situation comedies (post ww2 empasise on families and suburbs "I love Lucy"

Live anthology dramas/presilge shows (drew from broadway, off broadywa, plays. scripts)

starting in mid 50s

More of TV production to LA/Hollywood

Big dollar quiz show mania -early "reality tv"

Reality TV of the 1950s- Game shows take off on Primetime TV in 1955

Huge prizes and audiences

build drama by contestants coming back each week

audiences feel emotion: root for or against

advertised product sales right through the roof-sponsors win

Feeding answers

Herb Stempel Vs Charles van Doren

show exposed in 1958-the Big Cash Quiz Show plumments in ratings

1959: US Congressional hearing: Van Doren confesses creates new FCC and Network rules

1960s Biggest Outcome

Networks grab more control of program producing from sponsors and ad agencies

-networks produce the programs

1960s TV in the US

Classic Network Era

TV as a cultural form

Cracks grow in homagenized picture of American Culture in 1967-68

Classic Network Era Tv in 1960s

Networks grab program control after quiz show scandal

sponsors who produced whole programs are kicked out

ads in magazine concept 30/60sec commericals

3 netwok oligopoly like in old hollywood; buy programs cheap own reruns- control local station schedules

TV as a cultural form= public intrest US commerical imperative (basically news)

showing things like space race, vw, and hippies

1961 FCC director Newton Minow calls TV "The Vast Wasteland"

Battle for high rating v. the frustration of critics

Charlie Douglass-invention of the Laugh Box

Cracks Grow in homagenixed picture of American Culture in 1967-68

youth culture, political upheals, v.war protest esculates

new movies like bonnie and clyde

1968-69 networks want to attract the 18-34 year old viewers. Dump old viewers with new shows that have relevance and realism for younger viewers and realism in 1970s

1960s TV in the US

Commercials: On TV sponors tried harder (people could see them now) and put money and thought into commericals

1964-cigs

*American Television was all about compromises

-Television news started to become serious-networks invested money into them (see all movements like civil rights)

-some shows showed women as interesting and dangerous

also emergence of oddness and monster shows

*Impact of television brought people together- showed the space race and everyone watched

Newton Minow

head of FCC

didn't like the things that were going on in advertsing

believed that tv was more than just a bunch of programs (like a newspaper and has responsibility to spread information)

didnt like how tv was made for all audenices and not a specific program for specific people

1960s tv wasteland esp for kids

kids watch tv 54 hours per week

can tv teach can 3-5 yrs learn

concern for unprillaged kids- can education pull them from poverty

shows appealing to younger viewers

leads to relevancy and realisim in the 1970s

things for children are missing

creation of sesame street

sesame street

started as a research experiment -kids watching kids

then muppets (couldnt talk to humans at first)

but they kept them entertained so then did

sold letters and numbers in commericals cuz kids liked commericals first show to start with educational goal at its center

some states wouldn't allow cuz mix races

main stations didnt want to take ss so..

PBS created

some small educational networks came together to create PBS

show began to get founded by big companies (ford foundation) and the federal government (if children get good education is leads to better workforce)

too expensive to produce

scholars start to see how tv was affecting children

*realized they could learn from TV-started to get worried

Early criticism of ss

not enough Latinos, few female Muppets, added goals from learning diversity

Rise of PBS

4th station in many towns

owned by universitys and state govenments

orgianlyy with government funding

unprofitable- commerical networks wouldnt provide

The Era of Relevancy

sponors were pushing towards branching out (coca-cola)

vitname war: first time war footage(could see it at home)

era of relevancy leads to

horror

its gruesome and distrubing-- a genre was made to show these feelings

in 1968 they

trashed the production code and created a new rating system

1977 Star Wars (Lucas)

special effects, music, great at marketing and toys

an entertainment machine generating many other things

did the same things as JAWS, but was much bigger

Box Office rose 40% 1975-1978, Hollywood studios gain new power

VCRs early 1980s (Disney fought it) DVD in 90s

expands a films earnings tremendously

cable TV channels pay to show the films

-multi-plex theaters grow #screens in US x2 doubles

1980s to 2008 box office x4 (quadrupled)

plus ancillary markets and overseas sales

Blockbusters (Hollywood's Revenge) 1975-2018

1975 JAWS changed how films were distributed, exhibited, promoted

Summer release (theaters used to be DEAD in summer)

-spent a large amount of money on advertising to get people to go in the summer, *first movie to put adds on tv*

Nationwide rollout

-the 30 copies of the film worked its way all over the country cost a lot to make these prints

-geared to teenagers AND all ages who see it multiple times

-special effects, music, great action, editing (spielberg)

-spawned amusement park rides, video games, toys, sequels

big simple theme that all blockbusters have (scary bits, action,

-was also marketed in a different way

movie theaters and hospitals were one of the first buildings to get air conditioning

Collapes created an opening for a new generation of filmakers

infulrnvrf by French new wave cinema

costing little, youth oriended films make moneys (Bonnie and Clyde, the graduate)

New era of "auteur" directors and performs

some trained in B-films, film school, TV experience

what kinds of new program genres developed that were different from movies (in radio)

-soap operas

-comedy shows (talkshows)

World War 2 and American media - once US entered the war in late 1941, how did US government ask ALL media to help the war effort?

The Office of War Information sent movie studios and radio networks guidelines for how to spread patriotism, teach hatred of our wartime Enemies, urge women to join the workforce like Rosie the Riveter, and to encourage black support for the war, and interracial harmony? Examples: propaganda posters, Private SNAFU cartoons, the Nicholas Brothers tap dance routine in "Stormy Weather" Superman

cartoons and patriotic Hollywood song and dance numbers in films and the plot of romantic wartime movies like Casablanca. Comic book super heroes like Captain America sold patriotism.

Massive Post WWII cultural/social change - Suburbanization. 18 million returning war vets want marriage, home, kids. Massive rearrangement of US life with moves to edge of town and baby boom. How did that impact the movie industry (movie attendance plummeted), radio industry?

Film noir -

Hollywood movies of the 1940s and early 1950s that showed dark fears and grisly murders; what are its characteristics; we watched Sunset Boulevard. How did they still comply with the Production Code with all that sex and violence. Hollywood in decline, old moldy downtown theaters, fight back with big splashy musicals and bigger screen images to combat little TV box. US Justice Department's Paramount Decree made movie studios sell off their theaters (top 25% of all movie theaters) - Hollywood in 40s-50s -60s cline made fewer films, cut actors loose from contracts, shot more cheaply overseas, made teen monster pictures for Drive Ins (the bright spot entrepreneurial adaptation of film exhibition to reach suburban audiences).

1945 Anticipation - how will TV be implemented?

FCC decides - in favor of radio networks running TV (instead of allowing in other companies). There couldhave been a HUNDRED local channels but FCC decides there will be only THREE - NBC and CBS + ABC

Advertisers/sponsors still providing most programming in 1940s-1950s

Result= sponsor + network domination, one mass audience = an even tighter oligopoly than the Movies or radio

Quiz Show Scandals -, a top TV genre in primetime in the mid-1950s. Huge prizes, huge audiences 50 million viewers How could they Build drama?

Profile contestants, stressful answer booths, and oooPs cheating.

QUIZ shows exposed & cancelled by end 1958;

BIGGEST OUTCOME of quizshow scandal

Networks grab control of program producing from sponsors and ad agencies.

Sesame Street -- 1960s question—Did commercial TV offer Special programming for children?

) Kids' "addiction" to watching TV 54 hours/week, was it just a babysitter?

1960s researchers have concern for Poor and underprivileged kids

The program used an Urban working inner city set - Reality of poor kids' lives

STYLE - humorous, fast-paced, quick like commercials, live people with commercial-like inserts

Muppets balance fun and humor with the learning; relatable characters

Education as the CENTRAL role of the show, with humor that parents can enjoy

Era of Relevancy

by 1970 BIG CHANGE in how media audiences are targeted -

ADVERTISERS NOT aiming for the mass, ages 3 to 93 audiences

BUT INSTEAD to narrower, young adult, affluent, people looking to buy stuff

The program/film CONTENT will now be edgier, smarter, darker, more politically aware

1971 a loosening of TV network PROGRAMMING Target the 18-34s, younger generation of hip, smart