apush period 1

review

How did humans get to North America and from where

frozen land bridge, Siberia to Alaska

When did Native Americans reach North America?

18,000 BCE (20,000 yrs ago)

When and where was corn domesticated?

Mexico, 8,000 BCE (10,000 yrs ago)

When did corn spread to the Andes and Columbia?

4,000 BCE (6,000 yrs ago)

Who spread maize to Southwest America

Mayans + Olmec

Who spread maize to Southwest America

2500 BCE

In what region were Natives able to live in semi-permanent settlements primarily from the sea and lush coniferous rain forests?

Northwest Pacific and Californian Coast

In what region did Native Americans seasonally establish settlements near river basins in the spring and winter while moving frequently summer due to lack of water resources?

Great Basin

In what region were Native Americans more intricately connected through the vast Mississippi Valley trade network?

The American Midwest and East Coast

What's the name of the trading center where all tribes exchanged goods?

Cahokia

What's the name of the large confederacy the Native American's formed?

Iroquois Confederacy

Why were Europeans left without a connection to the markets of India and China?

The end of the Mongolian Empire in the 14th century, as well as strained relations with the Arabs in the Middle East.

Name two ways to get funding for an exploration voyage

Royal Patron or Joint Stock Company

What is the joint-stock technique?

Joint stock insured investors would be repaid in proportion to their investment. They often formed corporations to reduce liability. Many further protected themselves by investing in multiple ships in one; this made exploration incredibly lucrative when ships returned

What allowed for nimble navigation and large cargoes?

New maneuverable ships known as caravels along with the stern-post rudder.

What ocean discovery allowed Europeans to sail to and from the New World easily and reliably?

Tradewinds and Westerlies

What allowed Europeans navigate and map the world?

The adoption of the magnetic compass and astrolabe

What provided a reliable mapping technique through which Europeans could chart and re-navigate discovered waters?

Portolan maps

Name four inventions that helped explorers

Astrolabe - determines how far north / south

Compass - points to magnetic north

Portolan maps - how long from one port to another

Caravels - utility cargo ships w/ stern - post rudder

Nomadic-

traveling seasonally

Arid-

dry

What allowed Europeans to conquer the New World and many ports in Africa and Asia?

gunpowder weapons and horses

What 3 factors were Europeans motivated by?

Gold, Glory and God

Whom did the Portuguese and Spanish send to the New World for the conversion of Native Americans?

Franciscan, Dominican, and Jesuit monks

How did New World colonies offer opportunities to expand European states & the status of wealthy landowners/lower nobility?

Conquering and receiving colonial landholdings and titles

How many years ago did Europeans come to North America?

Approx. 500 years ago

What fraction of crops originated in the Americas?

3/5

What does the Columbian Exchange refer to?

the exchange of goods between Europe and the Americas; increase of global commerce

What percentage of native Americans died following Columbus' landing?

90%

Due to the rule of the Spanish, how much did the Indian population go down by?

20 million to 2 million

What from South America helped grow the European economy?

Precious metal

Where were the Incas located?

Peru

Where were the Aztecs located?

Mexico

What was Cahokia?

Mississippian settlement at present day St. Louis. Notorious for trading and large population.

What is three-sister farming?

An agricultural method in which corn, beans, and squash were grown together

What is nation-states?

A variety of leagues, confederations, chiefdoms that created large/small communities

What is a caravel?

A small, light, easy to build, cost effective, sea-going vessel that could haul a lot of cargo

What was a plantation?

A large scale agricultural enterprise growing crops by employing slaves.

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

an agreement between Spain and Portugal to settle conflicts over lands founded by Columbus

What was Encomienda?

It was a legal system in Spanish America that granted groups of native people to work for settlers.

What were Mestizos?

people of European and Native American descent

What was the Black Legend?

Reference to the horrendous treatment of Indians in the colonies. Europeans used this claim trying to decrease Spain's power in the Americas.

Who were Ferdinand and Isabella?

Monarchs of Spain, royal patrons of Columbus

Who was Christopher Columbus?

An Italian sailor that sailed for Spain and "discovered the Americas" in 1492

Who was Fransisco Pizarro?

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas.

Who was Bartolome de Las Casas?

Bartolome de Las Casas was a priest who encouraged better treatment of Native Americans and fought against the encomienda system.

Who was Hernan Cortes?

A Spanish Conquistador who attacked the Aztecs and captured Montezuma.

Who was Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)?

He led the first exploration (Euro) of North America mainland

Who was Robert de La Salle?

He sailed down the Mississippi River and claimed Mississippi Basin for France.

Who was father Junipero Serra?

Spanish missionary who spread Christianity.

What did Europeans begin large-scale plantations projects in their colonies for? (cash crops)

tobacco, chocolate, sugar

Name four New World items brought to the Old World

maize, tomatoes, potatoes, cacao, tobacco, gold, silver, venereal disease (syphyillis)

Name four Old World items brought to the New World

cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, grains, bananas, smallpox, measles

What trade system was developed by the 17th and 18th centuries?

Triangular Trade, the Atlantic system

Since most American goods were farmed or mined, what was incredibly important to European empire profit?

Slave labor

What's the Middle Passage?

the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies.

West African slaves have been an occurence since ______ with ______ and ______

1,000 CE, Arabs and Caliphates

Who are indentured servants?

indentured servants signed contracts to work without wages for a period of four to seven years for anyone who would pay their ocean passage to the Americas.

What were the biggest impacts on the New World?

Wealth and population

The food from Americas was \_________________

far more diverse and calorie-dense

What did the calorie dense food from the Americas lead to in Afro-Eurasia?

A population boom.

What did the food from the Americas negatively lead to?

the enslavement of Native Americans and Africans for large-scale plantation work

What did Europeans in the EME believe?

There was a 'fixed' or certain amount of wealth / gold in the world, and the goal was to control most of it

What is mercantilism?

An economic system where the government regulates trade for its own benefit at the expense of its rivals. There was a 'fixed' or certain amount of wealth / gold in the world, and the goal was to control most of it

Explain the 2 methods of mercantilism.

First method: sell more to them (exports) than you buy from them (imports)

\
Second method: steal or interrupt their trade goods and colonies while setting up and protecting your own

Why were charter companies made?

It was impossible for countries to establish, develop, protect, & run their colonies and world trade so taxing citizens for exploration they'd never see or benefit from would have devastating effects on the mother countries.

By who were official charter companies commissioned?

The states (French, British etc.)

What did charter companies use to explore, build ships, hire soldiers, and establish colonies/plantations in the name of their mother country?

joint-stock investment

What 3 places did charter companies wage war on each other?

the Indian Ocean, Africa, and the Americas

Why were Europeans left without a connection to the lucrative markets of India and China?

the decline of the Silk Road following the end of the Mongolian Empire in the 14th century, as well as strained relations with the Arabs in the Middle East

European explorers began searching for a new route funded by \_______________ and \____________

royal patrons and joint-stock companies

What did joint-stock companies insure?

investors would be repaid in proportion to their investment (i.e., if you invested 10% in a ship, then you would receive 10% of the profits upon the ship's return)

How did investors in the join-stock market further protect themselves?

they invested in multiple ships in one; this made exploration incredibly lucrative when ships returned with gold, silver, slaves, or cash crops from the New World or Old World

These charter companies (Plymouth, Virginia, British East India, London Company, etc.) were granted rights similar to........

a small government

With the consent of the mother country (Br/Neth/Sp/etc), what could charter companies do?

1\.Negotiate with local rulers (Africa, India, etc.)

2\.Collect and distribute land

3\.Formulate and administer basic justice (according to mother country laws)

4\.Hire soldiers for trade and colony protection

What would mother countries do to protect their colonies and trade?

try and setup forts and port cities to keep a naval/military force in the area

Who did mother countries (especially Britain) hire to disrupt the trade of other nations?

Privateers/Pirates

Where did most pirate activity take place? What did it result in?

choke points and large currents (the Caribbean), and resulted in intense competition for trade and transport.

What did the Old World give to the New World?

wheat, sugar, rice, coffee, horses, cows, pigs, smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, influenza, typhus, diphtheria, scarlet fever

What did the New World give to the Old World?

Gold, silver, corn, sweet potatoes, pineapples, tomatoes, tobacco, beans, vanilla, chocolate, syphilis

What was the triangular trade?

A three way system of trade. Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa.

What's a charter company?

an agreement with investors or shareholders that is intertwined and granted rights by royal charter (or similar instrument of government) for the purpose of trade, exploration, and/or colonization.

What was the benefit of mercantilism for Europeans?

The vast amounts of resources in the New World for the purpose of enriching colonial land holders and Europeans back in Europe.

What was one of the side effects of mercantilism and triangular trade?

The desire for Europeans to conquer and settle as much New World land as possible.

What drove Europeans to take settle and take land (by force)?

Competition with other European states & Native Americans

Colonialism

Supplanting Natives or others and controlling and administrating land outside of one's mother country for the purpose of economic gain

Encomienda's were essentially the.........

the lords (protectors) and the Native Americans in that area were their vassals

Encomienda's were rewards to European conquerors in the New World in which they were given control of \____________________

the people and land in a particular area

On the encomiendas, who worked on the haciendas?

American Indians, slaves, indentured servants

What are haciendas?

large estates/mines/plantations etc

Two types of Europeans in the Spanish New World:

Penninsulares and Creoles

Describe the Penninsulares:

Europeans born in Europe

Describe the Creoles:

Europeans born in America

Who was seen superior to Creoles?

Penninsulares. Their culture came directly from Europe so they were seen as better. This caused class tension.

Spanish Caste System:

1. Peninnsulares
2. Creoles
3. Mestizos
4. Mulattos
5. Indios
6. Negros
7. Zambos

Describe Mestizos:

European and American Indian mix

Describe Mulattos:

European and African mix

Describe Zambos:

American Indian and African mix

What did Native Americans receive in the fur trade?

Guns and many other manufactured goods

Colonialism -

competition for colonies