Lecture Ch. 5,6,8 (Integument, Bone, Articulations)

melanin pigment

* comes from melanocytes found in basal layer,
* helps to block, shield, protect DNA from sunlight,
* only pigment produced in the skin
* responsible for freckles, moles

carotene pigment

* comes from your diet/food
* yellow orange pigment
* seen in thick skin; palms of hand and soles of feet
* can be used to convert to vitamin A

ex: carrots, butternut squash

hemoglobin pigment

* reddish pigment
* produced by blood
* gives skin red/pink hue, when people look flush, blush, embarrassed, hot, exercising
* found in fair skin

sebaceous glands (AKA oil glands)

* produces a secretion called sebum (oil)
* softens hair and skin
* has bacterial side properties: help kill pathogen, bacteria
* stimulated by hormone production once puberty hits: active then activity declines a little bit
* found all over skin except thick skin

sudoiferous glands (AKA sweat glands)

* found in thick skin

ex: palms sweating

* function: thermoregulation (temperature control)
* largely aqueous/watery
* has minor properties to kill pathogen (has antibodies)
* eliminates wastes products like lactic acid and urea

merocrine (AKA eccrine)

function: secrete sweat

* structurally simple coiled tubular

apocrine

function: secrete sweat- axillary & anogenital regions

* simple coiled tubular

mammary (AKA modified apocrine)

function: secrete milk

* compound alveolar

ceruminous (AKA modified apocrine)

function: secreet cerumin (earwax)

* simple coiled tubular

holocrine

function: secrete sebum (oil)

* simple branched alveolar

hair (AKA pili)

* made of dead keratinized cells
* has two regions- shaft & root
* has three layers- medulla, cortex, and cuticle
* pigmented by melanocytes

alopecia

hair thinning in both sexes

true or frank baldness

* genetically determined and sex-influenced condition
* male pattern baldness- caused by follicular response to DHT (dihydrotestosterone)
* excess DHT stimulates hair follicle, causes hair to fall off prematurely

basal cell carcinoma

* from basal layer, unchecked mitosis
* most common, least malignant

squamous cell carcinoma

melanoma

ABCD rule:

A- asymmetry

B- border

C- color

D- diameter

1st degree burn

superficial: only affecting epidermis

treatment: burn cream, aloe, will heal without infection

2nd degree burn

* partial thickness bc part of epidermis and extends to dermis
* has blisters
* concern of open tissue and leads to infection

3rd degree burn

* nerve endings are dead
* concerns are infection, fluid loss, dehydration

rule of nines