Developmental

1 egg cell + 1 sperm cell =

zygote

teratogen

any harmful substance that passes through placenta & harms fetus

neonatal development stages

zygote → embryo → fetus

how many pairs of chromosome do we have

23 pairs, 46 in total

genes located on

chromosomes

chromosomes are made up of

protein & DNA organized in genes

the human genome project

mapped out version of the location of all genes in the body

heritability

the extent to which the difference in a trait can be attributed to genetics

heritability is highest when

genetically different individuals raised in similar environments

heritability lowest when

genetically similar individuals raised in different enviornments

evolutionary psychology

survival → reproduce → pass on genes

critic of evolutionary psych

evolutionary psych believe we are programed by genes to do certain behaviors but do not take into account of our moral responsibility to not engage/engage in certain behaviors

neural networks

interconnected groups of neurons

maturation

orderly sequence of events- standing before walking, babbling before talking

habituation

becoming less reactive after repeating exposure

temperament

the early-appearing set of individual differences in reaction and regulation that form the "nucleus" of personality

reflexes

automatic response to stimulus

sucking reflex

tendency for infant to suck any thing that enters mouth

rooting reflex

turn head & look for nipple

graspig reflex

grasp anything

babinski reflex

when a baby's foot is stroked, he/she will spread their toes

moro reflex

when startled baby takes out all limbs & puts back

Kohlberg stages of moral development

pre conventional- characterized by desire to avoid punishment or gain rewards

conventional- to gain social approval or keep order and follow laws

post conventional- reasoning based on basic rights, ethics, conscience, and moral standards

carol gilligan criticism on Kohlberg

his theory fails to take in account the differences between male & female

piaget cognitive development

schema→ assimilation→ accomodation

schema

mental mold first understanding of a concept

assimilation

all or everything thats put into schema

accomodation

change your schema to fit new info

Piaget stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor→ pre-operational→ concrete operational→ formal operation

developmental phenomena in sensorimotor

object permanence- ability to recognize that an object is permanetley, even if you cannot see it

stranger anxiety- getting nervous/crying when you are around someone that you have no schema for

developmental phenomena in preoperational

egocentric- inability to take someone else’s pov

theory of mind- ability to take someone else’s point of view

developmental phenomena in concrete operational

conservation- understanding that a change in shape/size does not mean change in mass/volume

mathematical transformation- ability to understand that 4+6=10 is same as 5+5=10

developmental phenomena in formal operational

hypothetical situations- ability to understand ““ situations

cognitive mapping- mental lay representation of the location of objects and places in enviornment

cross sectional study

bunch of people over a short period of time

longitudinal

studies of same people over a long period of time

-Lawerence Kohlberg studied morality

lev vygotsky

saw cognitive development as more fluid and not something in stages and naturally

Believed it occurred gradually & furthered by social interaction & language

menarche

a girl’s first menstrual period

gender identity

sense of being male or female

gender roles

societys expectation of the job of males & females

gender typing

stereotype for gender- pink for girl & blue for boy

social learning theory

learn what is male/female, taught by society through rewards & punishments

gender schema theory

understanding of what is male/female due to personal observations & exposure

authoritarian parenting

strict standards for children’s behaivour and use of punishment to regulate it

permissive parenting

do not set clear guideline for children

authoritative parenting

set consistent standards for children’s behavior, which are reasonable

strong communication

continuous development vs discontinuous

do we development continuously from birth to death or do we development in fits with rapid development and some little

attachement

gradually formed emotional bond to caretaker

critical period

specific time when organisms more sensitive to environmental influences or stimuli, and they learn things more easily

harry harlow

studying concept of attachment

seperated monkey’s from mom after birth

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachment during critical period very early on in life

konrad lorenz

researcher who focused on

fluid intelligence

refers to person’s ability to reason speedily & abstractly

tends to decline with age

crystallized intelligence

refers to aspect of intellectual ability such as vocabular & general knowledge.

tends to increase with age

social clock

refers to culturally preferred timing of social events, like getting married, having kids

erickson psychosocial stages

infancy to 1- trust vs mistrust

1 to 3- autonomy vs shame & doubt

3 to 6- initiative vs guilt

6 to puberty- competence vs inferiority

teens to 20s- identity vs confusion

20s to 40s- intimacy vs isolation

40s to 60s- generativity stagnation

60s and up- integrity vs despair

does recall increase or decrease w age?

decrease

recall

retrieves memory from long term storage in brain

recognition

form of remembering