Unit 1. Intro to Genetics

Latin:

“Genetikos” = “generative”

“gen” = “to produce, to become”

etymology of genetics

classical genetics

population genetics

molecular genetics

cytogenetics

applied genetics

5 fileds of genetics

Classical Genetics

5 fields of genetics

studies how traits are passed down based on Medelian Laws

mendelian genetics

other name for classical genetics

genotype

the form of the gene that decides rhe characteristic of an organism

the genetic makeup

phenotype

observed apperance, behavior, characteristic of an organism

determined by the genotype and environmental factors

gene

basic functional unit of heredity

T

T or F

genes code for RNA and RNA may or may not be coded into proteins

population genetics

application of mendelian laws to a larger population

study of genetic variation within and between populations

population genetics

• which phenotype is most abundant?

• what are the changes in gene frequencies?

• What are variations of individual phenotypes

microevolution

small scale changes in allele frequencies within a population over a short period of time

molecular genetics

study of genes/genetic material its structure, processes (replication, transcription, translation)

focuses on the Central Dogma

molecular genetics

biochem + biophysics + cell biology

cell

cyto =

cytogenetics

stidy of chromosomes, their structire, composition, and roles

applied genetics

the practical use of genetic knowledge to different fields (e.g. medicine, agriculture, forensics, etc.)

applied genetics

this includes:

• genetic engineering

• gene editing

• gene therapy

• recombinant DNA technology

• traditional & modern hiotechnology

• GMOs

2 types of reproduciton

vertical - 1 parent ; asexual

horizontal - 2 parents ; sexual

nature

aspect of inheritance

• biological or genetic factor

• focused on genotype/ genome

nurture

aspect of inheritance:

• the environmental factors affecting the biological potential of an organism

epigenetics

study of the heritable changes in gene expression that are not influenced by genetic factors

applied genetic

during the neolithic period. ancient ppl started selectively choosing the variants of plants or crops they want to use in agriculture. this is an exmaple of?

biotechnology

where living organisms undergo a certain process to produce a product that will help improve life

ex: insulin form bacteria

planned experimental breeding

the method for genetic study

model organisms

we use ______________________ in planned experimental breeding

• have a small number of genomes

• have controlled matings

• that produces a large number of offsprings

• in a short generation timw

• and is convenient to care for

model organisms should: (5)

6 model organisms

1. Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2. Drosophila melanogaster

3. Caenorhabditis elegans

4. Mus musculus

5. Arabidopsis thaliana

6. Esherichia coli

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast)

model organism for cell cycle gene studies

Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)

model organism for hox genes

easily propagated

Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode worm)

model organism for programmed cell death

contains an RNA that interferes or stops gene expression

it should only contain a certain number of cell inside

Mus musculus (mouse)

model organism for disease research especially in immunology studies

also use un mutation studies and metabolic studies

has similar genetics to humans (closer than apes)

primates

organism used for studying VERY pathogenic diseases (eg. HIV, ebola)

FALSE

plants > humans

A. thaliana: 27, 500 genes

Humans: ~19,000 genes

T or F

Humans have more gene/ chromosome sets compared to plants.

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)

model organism for light sensing, flower development

used in genetic engineering

the plant model organism; an angiosperm

Escherichia coli (bacteria)

model organism for gene cloning, protein production, and recombinant DNA technology

pedigree chart (analysis)

a family tree showing the traits of each people and how they are passed down to others

karyotyping

the process of making a karyogram

karyogram

standardized format or chart showing the chromosome pairs arranged by number

recombinant DNA technology

the cutting and pasting / combining of 2 different DNA to peoduce a new one thta doesnt exist naturally

heterologous protein production

production of protein in a host cell that doesnt naturally produce that protein

thru genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology

heterologous gene expression

tries to express a gene in a non-native host organism

cell-free systems

an experimental set up that only used compartments/biochemical machinery of cells instead of the whole cell itself

synthetic organisms

an organism whose genome is heavily modified or is artificially constructed to form desired traits

mycoplasma mycoides

the first synthetic bacterial cell by J. Craig Venter