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Myopia

Nearsightedness; difficulty seeing distant objects clearly.

Hyperopia

Farsightedness; difficulty seeing close objects clearly.

Fovea Centralis

A small, central pit in the retina with the highest concentration of cones for sharp vision.

Color Blindness

A genetic or acquired deficiency in color vision.

Blind Spot

The point on the retina where the optic nerve exits, lacking photoreceptor cells.

Sound Waves

Vibrations in the air that are perceived as sound.

Outer Ear

The external part of the ear, including the pinna and auditory canal.

Pinna

The visible, external part of the ear.

Auditory Canal

The tube-like structure leading from the external ear to the eardrum.

Middle Ear

The space containing the eardrum and ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes).

Tympanum

The eardrum; a thin membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves.

Ossicles

Three small bones in the middle ear (malleus, incus, stapes) that transmit vibrations.

Oval Window

The membrane-covered opening between the middle ear and inner ear.

Eustachian Tube

A tube that connects the middle ear to the throat, equalizing air pressure.

Inner Ear

The space containing the cochlea and semicircular canals.

Cochlea

A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled structure in the inner ear responsible for hearing.

Organ of Corti

A structure in the cochlea containing hair cells that convert vibrations into nerve signals.

Basilar Membrane

A membrane in the cochlea that plays a key role in the transduction of sound.

Hair Cells

Sensory cells in the inner ear that respond to vibrations and transmit signals to the brain.

Tectorial Membrane

A gelatinous membrane in the cochlea that contacts hair cells, initiating nerve signals.

Semicircular Canals

Structures in the inner ear responsible for rotational equilibrium and balance.

Rotational Equilibrium

The sense of rotation and angular movement.

Gravitational Equilibrium

The sense of linear acceleration and changes in head position.

Utricle

A part of the inner ear involved in detecting changes in horizontal acceleration.

Saccule

A part of the inner ear involved in detecting changes in vertical acceleration.

Otoliths

Small crystals in the utricle and saccule that enhance the detection of linear acceleration.

Proprioceptors

Sensory receptors that provide information about body position and movement.

Taste Buds

Clusters of sensory cells on the tongue that detect different tastes.

Olfactory Cells

Sensory cells in the nasal cavity responsible for detecting odors.