(BIOCHEM LEC) Lipids Part 1

___________________

• organic compound found in living organisms that is INSOLUBLE (or only sparingly soluble) in water but SOLUBLE in non-polar organic solvents

• lipohilic, nonpolar/hydrophobic is its #1 feature

• in the form of ____________, ___________, or ______________

• some appear to be _____________, some are __________ and _____________ in structure

• BIG STRUCTURES (they are stacked), 10 carbons or more

Lipids
esters
amides
alcohols
acyclic
cyclic
polycyclic

Lipids are organic compounds formed mainly from alcohol and fatty acids combined together by ______________

ester linkage

Fatty acid + Alcohol = ______________ + ____________(byproduct)

alkyl esters
water

What are the 2 major classes of lipids?

1. -

2. -

Non-saponifiable lipids
Saponifiable lipids

_____________________: CANNOT BE BROKEN UP into smaller molecules via hydrolysis. Cannot break in body

Examples:

1. -

2. -

3. -

Non-saponifiable
Steroids
Prostaglandins
Terpenes

_____________________: CAN BE BROKEN DOWN further via hydrolysis in the presence of ___________, ___________, or _________, this is due to the presence of one or more _____________ which are easy to break down. These are what we CONSUME

Examples:

1. -

2. -

3. -

4. -

Saponifiable lipids
Acid
Base
Enzymes
ester groups
Triglycerides
Waxes
Phospholipids
Sphingolipids

What are the functions of lipids?

1. - (long term)

2. - (example: myelin sheets)

3. - (some can go in and out through screening process)

4. - (insulin and glucagon)

5. - (NADH and FADH —> vitamin derivatives —> Lipids)

store chemical energy and source of carbon
surround and insulate vital body organs
permeability properties of cell membrane
chemical messenger in the body, such as hormones
regulatory and coenzyme functions and electron carriers

Vitamin A, D, E, K are ______________

nonpolar

Biological importance of Lipids:

1. -

2. -

3. -

4. -

5. -
   

source of energy as tryglyceride and stored in adipose tissues
enzyme cofactors, electron carriers
light-absorbing pigments
hydrophobic anchors and transporters for proteins
mechanical barrier that divides a cell from the external environment

_____________________

• monomer of lipids

• structural components of all the lipids, except for cholesterol, bile acids, and steroid hormones

• naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid, characterized by the presence of the _________________ attached to a ___________________, with the hydrocarbon chains ranging from ___ to _____

• nearly always contain an ______ number of carbon atoms and have a carbon chain that is _____________

• Alipathic monocarboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of _____________ and ________

• General formula: R (CH2)n COOH

• Solubility ______________ as Carbon chain length _____________

• As length and saturation increases, melting point also __________

Fatty acids
carboxyl group
long hydrocarbon chain
4
36

even
unbranched
natural fats
oils
decreases
increases
increases

While carbohydrates or proteins only provide 4 kcal/g, fatty acids provide MORE THAN TWICE THE ENERGY PER UNIT WEIGHT at ______________. This is one reason why a high-fat diet can lead to obesity

9 kcal/g

What are the 3 classifications of Lipids?

1. -

2. -

3. -

Carbon chain length
Presence of double bonds
Nutritional significance

What are the 3 types of Carbon chain length?

1. -

2. -

3. -

Long-chain fatty acid
Medium-chain fatty acid
Short-chain fatty acid

CHAIN length

____ to _______ - short chain

____ to _______ - medium chain

____ to _______ - long chain

c4 - c6
c8 - c10
c12- c16

What are the 3 types of presence of double bonds?

1. -

2. -

3. -

Saturated fatty acids
Monounsaturated fatty acids
Polyunsaturated fatty acids

____________________

• ALL C-C bonds (single)/ ALL SINGLE BONDS

• Solid form —> harder to break down

• “bad”

• Example: fried foods

Saturated fatty acids

___________________

• MULTIPLE BONDS

• Liquid form

• “good”

• Example: oils

_________________

• one C=C is present

Monounsaturated fatty acids

_____________________

• two or more C=C are present

• ______________: Fatty acid with its end-most double bond found three or six C atoms away from its methyl end

Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Omega 3 or 6

What are the two types under nutritional significance?

1. -

2. -

Essential fatty acid
Non-essential fatty acid

Breaking down depends on ___________. So _______________ are harder to break and _____________ are easier to break kasi makakpasok agad energy

stacking
saturated fatty acids
non-saturated fatty acids

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 1

Name: _____________

Formic

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 2

Name: _____________

Acetic

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 3

Name: _____________

Propionic

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 4

Name: _____________

Butyric

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 5

Name: _____________

Valeric

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 6

Name: _____________

Caproic

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 8

Name: _____________

Caprylic

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 10

Name: _____________

Capric

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 12

Name: _____________

Lauric

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 14

Name: _____________

Myristic

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 16

Name: _____________

Palmitic

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 18

Name: _____________

Stearic

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 20

Name: _____________

Arachidic

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 22

Name: _____________

Behenic

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 24

Name: _____________

Lignoceric

UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 11
Number of double bonds: 1
Position: 10

Name: _____________

Undecylenic

UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 16
Number of double bonds: 1
Position: 9

Name: _____________

Palmitoleic

UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 18
Number of double bonds: 1
Position: 9

Name: _____________

Oleic

UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 18
Number of double bonds: 2
Position: 9, 12

Name: _____________

Linoleic

UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 18
Number of double bonds: 3
Position: 9, 12, 15

Name: _____________

Linolenic

UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 20
Number of double bonds: 4
Position: 5, 8, 11, 14

Name: _____________

Arachidonic

UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS NAME

Number of Carbon: 24
Number of double bonds: 1
Position: 15

Name: _____________

Nervonic