APUSH REVIEW GUIDE

Made By APUSH Father Vince H.

1. U.S.S. Chesapeake:

Was a United States Navy ship launched in 1799. It was notable for its role in the Chesapeake–Leopard Affair in 1807, where it was attacked by the British HMS Leopard, leading to increased tensions between the United States and Britain in the years leading up to the War of 1812.

2. U.S.S. Panay:

Was a United States Navy gunboat that was sunk by Japanese aircraft on December 12, 1937, during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The attack occurred on the Yangtze River in China and resulted in the deaths of three crew members and injuries to others.

3. U.S.S. Buford:

Was a United States Navy transport ship that gained notoriety for its role in 1919. The ship was used to deport 249 suspected anarchists, radicals, and labor activists to Soviet Russia in response to the Red Scare and the Palmer Raids.

4. U.S.S. Maine:

a United States Navy battleship that was destroyed by an explosion in Havana Harbor, Cuba, on February 15, 1898. The sinking of the Maine became a catalyst for the Spanish-American War, as it heightened tensions between the United States and Spain and led to calls for American intervention in Cuba.

5. U.S.S. Reuben James:

Was a United States Navy destroyer that was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine, U-552, on October 31, 1941, during World War II. It was one of the first U.S. Navy ships to be lost in the Atlantic Ocean during the war and played a role in increasing American support for the Allies.

6. U.S.S. Maguayuez:

Was a United States merchant vessel that gained notoriety during the Mayaguez incident in 1975. The incident occurred when the Khmer Rouge, the ruling party in Cambodia at the time, seized the Mayaguez in international waters in the Gulf of Thailand. In response to the incident, President Gerald Ford ordered Operation Eagle Claw, to rescue the crew and recover the ship.

7. U.S.S. Maddox:

Was a United States Navy destroyer that was involved in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident on August 2, 1964. The incident, which involved alleged attacks on the Maddox by North Vietnamese patrol boats, led to increased U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

8. R.M.S. Trent:

a British mail steamship that gained notoriety during the Trent Affair in 1861. The ship was stopped by the USS San Jacinto, a Union warship, and two Confederate diplomats were removed, leading to tensions between the United States and Britain during the American Civil War.

9. R.M.S. Lusitania:

a British ocean liner that was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine on May 7, 1915, during World War I. The sinking of the Lusitania, which resulted in the deaths of nearly 1,200 passengers and crew, including 128 Americans, played a role in turning public opinion against Germany and eventually led to the United States entering the war.

10. Mayflower:

The ship that transported the Pilgrims from England to the New World in 1620. It is famous for its role in the establishment of Plymouth Colony, one of the first permanent English settlements in North America, and the signing of the Mayflower Compact, a precursor to the American system of self-government.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA):

Enacted in 1933, the aimed to raise farm prices by reducing surpluses. It accomplished this by paying farmers to reduce production and by providing subsidies. The goal was to stabilize agricultural prices and incomes

1. Works Progress Administration (WPA):

1. Established in 1935, a federal agency that provided employment opportunities to millions of unemployed Americans during the Great Depression. It funded public works projects such as infrastructure improvements, construction of buildings, and arts and cultural programs.

1. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC):

1. Created in 1933, they provided jobs and vocational training for young men aged 18-25. Participants worked on conservation and environmental projects in rural areas, such as reforestation, soil conservation, and park development.

1. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA):

1. Established in 1933,a federal agency tasked with developing the Tennessee River Valley region. It built dams for flood control, hydroelectric power generation, and navigation, as well as promoting economic development and improving living standards in the area.

1. Rural Electrification Administration (REA):

1. Created in 1935, aimed to bring electricity to rural areas of the United States. It provided low-interest loans to rural cooperatives and utilities for the construction of electrical distribution systems, thereby improving living standards and stimulating economic development in rural communities.

1. Glass-Steagall Act:

1. Also known as the Banking Act of 1933, established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure bank deposits and separated commercial banking from investment banking to prevent conflicts of interest and reduce risks in the financial system.

1. Social Security Administration (SSA):

1. Established in 1935, created the Social Security program, which provided financial assistance to retirees, the disabled, and the unemployed. It is funded through payroll taxes and remains a cornerstone of the U.S. social safety net.

1. G.I. Bill:

1. Officially known as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, provided a range of benefits to World War II veterans, including education and training, low-interest home loans, unemployment compensation, and job placement services. It played a significant role in facilitating the postwar transition and promoting economic prosperity.

1. Rosie the Riveter:

1. While not legislation, symbolizes the millions of women who entered the workforce during World War II to support the war effort, particularly in manufacturing and defense industries. The iconic image represents the changing role of women in society and the workforce.

1. Articles of Confederation: Purposes and Ineffective Reasons

• Purpose: The Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1781, established the first national government of the United States. Its primary purpose was to create a framework for cooperation among the thirteen original states, including the management of national defense, foreign relations, and the regulation of trade.

• Ineffectiveness Reasons: The Articles of Confederation had several weaknesses, including a lack of centralized authority and the inability to levy taxes or regulate commerce effectively. It also lacked an executive branch and a national judiciary, making it difficult to enforce laws and resolve disputes between states.

1. Compact Theory:

asserts that the United States is a voluntary union of sovereign states, and that the federal government's powers are derived from the consent of the states. This theory was often invoked by states' rights advocates to justify their resistance to federal authority.

1. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions:

1. These resolutions, drafted by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1798, argued that states had the right to nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional. They were a response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, which were seen as federal overreach.

1. South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification:

1. In 1832, declaration of federal tariffs null and void within the state. This action was based on the doctrine of nullification, which asserted that states could nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional. It was a precursor to the secession crisis and the Civil War.

1. Railroads:

played a crucial role in the economic expansion of the United States, facilitating the movement of goods, people, and resources across vast distances. They spurred industrialization, urbanization, and westward expansion, transforming the American economy and society.

1. Vertical Integration:

involves owning all stages of production, from raw materials to distribution.

Horizontal Integration

involves merging with or acquiring competitors to dominate a market.

Trusts:

were large monopolistic corporations that controlled entire industries.

1. Immigrant Labor Supply:

1. Immigrants played a significant role in the economic development of the United States, providing labor for industries such as mining, agriculture, and manufacturing while facing exploitation/discrimination

2. Irish Immigration to the United States: In the mid-19th century, Ireland experienced a devastating famine, leading to a massive exodus of Irish people to the United States.

3. Chinese Immigration to the United States: Chinese immigrants came to the United States in large numbers during the 19th century, particularly to work on the transcontinental railroad and in industries such as mining and agriculture.

4. Italians: Many worked in industries such as construction, manufacturing, and agriculture, particularly in urban areas like New York City and Chicago.

5. German Immigration to the United States: German immigration to the United States peaked in the mid-19th century. German immigrants were skilled workers who contributed to various industries, including brewing, carpentry, and engineering.

6. Mexican Immigrants: Many Mexican immigrants worked in agriculture, especially in the southwestern United States, where they contributed to the development of large-scale farming operations.

1. Economic Expansion in the 1920s and 1950s:

1. Both decades saw significant economic growth and prosperity in the United States. The 1920s were characterized by the Roaring Twenties, a period of consumerism, innovation, and stock market speculation. The 1950s saw postwar prosperity, suburbanization, and the rise of the middle class.

Economic Expansion Post Civil War

1. Industrialization: United States as the demand for goods, particularly weapons, uniforms, and equipment, increased dramatically. After the war, industries expanded rapidly, especially in the North. The steel industry, railroad construction, and manufacturing sectors experienced substantial growth during this period.

2. Railroad Expansion: The construction of railroads expanded rapidly after the Civil War, connecting previously isolated regions and facilitating the movement of goods and people across the country. This expansion stimulated economic growth by opening up new markets, facilitating trade, and encouraging settlement in previously inaccessible areas.

3. Urbanization: Industrialization and the expansion of railroads led to significant urbanization as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of employment opportunities. Cities like New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia experienced rapid population growth and became centers of industry, commerce, and finance.

4. Technological Innovation: The post-Civil War period saw a wave of technological innovation that further fueled economic expansion. Advances in machinery, such as the Bessemer process for steel production and the mechanization of agriculture, increased efficiency and productivity in various industries.

5. Government Policies: Government policies, such as the Homestead Act of 1862, which provided free land to settlers willing to farm it, and the Morrill Land-Grant Acts, which established land-grant universities to promote agricultural and technical education, supported economic expansion and development.

6. Immigration: Mass immigration from Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries provided a steady supply of labor, which fueled economic growth by providing the workforce needed for industrial expansion, agricultural development, and infrastructure projects.

1. Alexander Hamilton's Beliefs:

a strong federal government with broad powers to promote economic development, maintain stability, and protect national interests. He advocated for a national bank, protective tariffs, and government support for industry and commerce. He also believed in a strong executive branch and a centralized financial system to manage public debt and foster economic growth.

Puritan Town Meetings

were rooted in Puritan principles of community participation and self-governance. In these meetings, male church members would gather regularly to discuss local issues, make decisions, and elect officials. The town meeting served as a form of direct democracy

Colonial Religious Toleration

In some colonies, such as Rhode Island and Pennsylvania, there was a greater degree of religious freedom and tolerance compared to others. Rhode Island, founded by Roger Williams as a haven for religious dissenters, became known for its policy of religious freedom and separation of church and state. Pennsylvania, founded by William Penn as a refuge for Quakers, also embraced religious diversity and welcomed settlers of various faiths. However, in colonies like Massachusetts Bay, which was founded by Puritans seeking religious freedom for themselves but not necessarily for others, there were limitations on religious tolerance.

Founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

1630 by a group of Puritan settlers led by John Winthrop. Seeking to establish a "city upon a hill" as a model Christian community, the Puritans sought religious freedom from persecution in England and aimed to create a society based on their interpretation of biblical principles.

1. Construction of Erie Canal:

1. completed in 1825, led to significant economic development and expansion in the United States. It provided a vital waterway for transportation and trade between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean, linking the Midwest to the East Coast and facilitating the movement of goods and people.

1. Dorothea Dix:

1. a social reformer and advocate for the mentally ill and prison reform in the United States during the 19th century. She worked tirelessly to improve conditions in mental hospitals and prisons, advocating for humane treatment and the establishment of specialized facilities for the mentally ill.

1. Maine Law of 1851 and "Cold Water Army":

1. was a prohibition law enacted in the state of Maine, making it the first state in the United States to prohibit the sale and consumption of alcohol. The "Cold Water Army" refers to the temperance movement, which promoted abstinence from alcohol and organized campaigns for prohibition laws.

1. Fugitive Slave Act:

1. a federal law that required citizens to assist in the capture and return of runaway slaves to their owners. It was part of the Compromise of 1850 and intensified tensions between the North and South over the issue of slavery.

1. Gradual Abolition of Slavery:

1. refers to the process by which slavery was phased out over time, often through legislation or state constitutional amendments. It occurred in several Northern states during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, leading to the eventual end of slavery in those states.

1. Doughfaces:

1. were Northern politicians who were perceived as sympathetic to the interests of the South, particularly on issues related to slavery. They were often accused of being weak or compromising in their stance on slavery in order to maintain political support.

1. Half-breeds and Scalawags:

1. were moderate Republicans who supported civil service reform and opposed the corruption of the Grant administration. Contrasting the other group were Southern whites who allied with the Republican Party and supported Reconstruction efforts in the South.

1. Carpetbaggers:

were Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction, often for political or economic gain. They were sometimes viewed negatively by Southern whites, who saw them as opportunistic and exploitative.

1. Populist Party:

also known as the People's Party, was a political party in the United States during the late 19th century. It represented farmers, laborers, and other agrarian interests and advocated for reforms such as government regulation of railroads, free coinage of silver, and the direct election of senators.

1. Initiative and Referendum:

political mechanisms that allow citizens to propose and vote on laws directly, bypassing the legislature. Initiative allows citizens to propose new laws or amendments to the constitution, while referendum allows citizens to vote on laws passed by the legislature.

1. High Tariffs:

were a contentious issue in American politics during the 19th and early 20th centuries. They were often used to protect domestic industries from foreign competition but could also lead to trade disputes and retaliatory tariffs from other countries.

1. Women's Suffrage at the State Level:

1. refers to the gradual extension of voting rights to women in individual states before the passage of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920, which granted women the right to vote nationwide.

1. Good Neighbor Policy:

1. was a foreign policy initiative of President Franklin D. Roosevelt aimed at improving relations with Latin American countries. It emphasized non-intervention and cooperation, as well as the promotion of economic and cultural ties.

1. Government Operation of Railroads:

1. This refers to periods in American history when the federal government took control of railroad operations, often during times of crisis or war. For example, the federal government operated railroads during World War I and World War II to ensure the efficient transportation of troops and supplies.

1. Reconstruction Finance Corporation:

1. was a government agency established during the Great Depression to provide loans to banks, railroads, and other businesses in order to stimulate economic recovery. It was part of President Herbert Hoover's response to the economic crisis.

1. Nixon's Policy of "Vietnamization":

1. policy implemented by President Richard Nixon during the Vietnam War. It involved gradually transferring responsibility for combat operations to South Vietnamese forces while reducing the direct involvement of U.S. troops.

1. President Carter's View on Problems of the Late 1970s:

1. Problems including economic stagnation, high inflation, and energy crises, to a crisis of confidence and a lack of leadership. He famously referred to this as a "crisis of confidence" or "malaise" in a televised address to the nation in 1979.

1. High Oil Prices 1970s:

1. : In response to Western support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War in 1973, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) implemented an oil embargo against several Western countries, including the United States. OPEC member nations, particularly the Arab oil-producing countries, reduced oil production and imposed an embargo on oil exports, leading to a sharp increase in oil prices.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC):

is a federal agency established in 1934 to regulate securities markets and protect investors. It oversees the securities industry, enforces securities laws, and promotes transparency and fairness in financial markets.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC):

a federal agency established in 1933 to insure bank deposits and promote stability in the banking system. It provides deposit insurance to depositors in member banks, guaranteeing the safety of their funds in the event of bank failure.

Provide Jobs For The Unemployed

Strategies included Public works, growth in inudustry, rural development programs, private sector expansion, and labor market policies

War on Poverty:

was a set of social welfare programs and policies initiated by President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s. It aimed to reduce poverty and inequality through measures such as education, healthcare, job training, and community development.

Whigs:

a political party in the United States during the 19th century. It emerged in opposition to President Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party, advocating for federal intervention in economic development, internal improvements, and protective tariffs.

Anti-Masons:

a political party in the United States during the early 19th century. It emerged in opposition to Freemasonry, which was seen as a secretive and elitist organization, and attracted support from individuals concerned about its influence in politics and society.

Supporters of Andrew Jackson:

often referred to as Jacksonian Democrats, were a political faction that backed Jackson's presidency and his populist policies. They advocated for expanded democracy, the dismantling of the Bank of the United States, and westward expansion.

Tenure of Office Act:

passed by Congress in 1867 over President Andrew Johnson's veto. It required Senate approval for the removal of certain federal officeholders, including cabinet members, appointed by the president. It was later repealed after Johnson's impeachment trial.

Civil Rights Act of 1866:

the first federal civil rights law in the United States. It declared that all persons born in the United States were citizens and entitled to equal rights and protection under the law, regardless of race or color.

Black Codes:

laws enacted by Southern states after the Civil War to restrict the rights and freedoms of African Americans. They aimed to maintain white supremacy and control the labor and behavior of freedmen, often resembling the earlier slave codes.

Force Act:

A series of federal laws passed in the 1870s to combat Ku Klux Klan violence and protect the civil rights of African Americans in the South. They empowered the federal government to prosecute and suppress Klan activities.

Northern Securities Company vs US:

A landmark antitrust case decided by the Supreme Court in 1904. It involved a challenge to the Northern Securities Company, a railroad trust formed by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill, and resulted in the dissolution of the trust.

Clayton Antitrust Act:

Passed in 1914, strengthened existing antitrust laws and prohibited various anti-competitive practices, such as price discrimination, exclusive dealing, and tying arrangements. It aimed to promote fair competition and protect consumers from monopolistic practices.

Hartford Convention:

A meeting of New England Federalists held in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1814-1815. It was convened to discuss grievances over the War of 1812 and proposed constitutional amendments to limit the power of the federal government. It is often seen as a sign of the decline of the Federalist Party.

President Washington's Cabinet:

Consisted of key advisors and department heads, including Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of War Henry Knox, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph.

Beginnings of Capital in Washington D.C:

Date back to the late 18th century when Congress established the District of Columbia as the seat of the federal government. Construction of the Capitol building and other government facilities began in the early 19th century.

1. William Jennings Bryan:

A prominent politician and orator in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was a three-time Democratic nominee for president and a leading figure in the populist and progressive movements. He is perhaps best known for his "Cross of Gold" speech at the 1896 Democratic National Convention.

1. Andrew Carnegie:

A Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist who played a leading role in the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century. He amassed a fortune through his Carnegie Steel Company and became one of the wealthiest individuals of his time.

Horace Mann:

An American educator and reformer known as the "Father of the Common School Movement." He advocated for public education as a means of promoting social mobility, democracy, and moral values, and he played a key role in the development of the public school system in the United States.

Salutary Neglect:

A British policy of lax enforcement of colonial trade laws in the American colonies during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. It allowed the colonies a degree of autonomy and contributed to their growth and prosperity but also laid the groundwork for later tensions between the colonies and Britain.

What Led to Violence in Kansas in 1856:

Often referred to as "Bleeding Kansas," was fueled by tensions over the issue of slavery. Pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers clashed over the future of Kansas territory, leading to guerrilla warfare, atrocities, and political turmoil.

Stephen Douglas:

A prominent politician and leader of the Democratic Party in the mid-19th century. He played a key role in the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and was a candidate for president in the 1860 election, losing to Abraham Lincoln.

Election of 1860:

A pivotal event in American history that ultimately led to the secession of Southern states and the outbreak of the Civil War. Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won the election, prompting Southern states to secede in protest of his anti-slavery platform.

1. Attitudes towards Immigration between 1890 and 1925:

1. Influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. Nativist sentiments and fears of cultural, economic, and political impacts led to the implementation of restrictive immigration laws, such as the Immigration Act of 1924, which established quotas based on nationality.

1. New Immigration Threatened:

The influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, such as Italians, Poles, and Jews, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This wave of immigration was perceived as a threat by some Americans due to cultural differences, economic competition, and fears of social and political unrest.

3. Emancipation Proclamation:

Issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863 during the Civil War, declared that all slaves in Confederate-held territory were to be set free. While it did not immediately free all slaves, it changed the character of the war by making abolition a Union war aim and encouraging enslaved people to escape to Union lines.

4. Effect on War, on Slaves:

The Emancipation Proclamation had significant effects on both the Civil War and the institution of slavery. It transformed the Civil War into a struggle for freedom and equality, boosting morale among Union soldiers and undermining the Confederacy's economic and military strength by depriving it of labor. It also laid the groundwork for the eventual abolition of slavery in the United States.

Eisenhower Tried to Keep Military Spending Down by:

Advocating for a policy of "balanced budget" and emphasizing the importance of fiscal responsibility. He believed in maintaining a strong national defense while also avoiding excessive government spending and deficits.

Quakers Paternalism:

Known for their paternalistic approach towards social reform and philanthropy. They believed in the moral obligation to help and uplift others, often through charitable endeavors, education, and advocacy for social justice, particularly in areas such as prison reform, abolitionism, and temperance.

Tariff Issue of 1828:

Known as the Tariff of Abominations, imposed high import duties on a variety of goods, particularly manufactured goods from Europe. It was designed to protect American industries from foreign competition but was highly controversial, especially in the South, where it was seen as unfairly benefiting Northern manufacturers at the expense of Southern agricultural interests.

Popular Sovereignty:

was a political doctrine that advocated for the people of a territory to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery. It was a key component of the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which allowed settlers in the territories to vote on the issue of slavery.

Freedom Summer:

refers to a voter registration drive and civil rights campaign in Mississippi in 1964. Organized by civil rights groups such as the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), it aimed to increase African American voter registration and political participation in the South.

University Students Rebelled Against Unresponsive College Administrations:

This likely refers to various student protests and movements on college campuses during the 1960s and 1970s. Students protested against issues such as racial segregation, the Vietnam War, and campus policies, advocating for greater academic freedom, civil rights, and social justice.

Homestead Steel Plant Strike:

Labor dispute between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers and the Carnegie Steel Company at its Homestead plant in Pennsylvania. It culminated in a violent clash between striking workers and Pinkerton agents hired by the company, resulting in several deaths and injuries.

Criticism of the Complacency of the 1950s:

The 1950s are often criticized for their perceived conformity, materialism, and social conservatism. Critics argue that the era was characterized by a lack of social and political activism, an emphasis on consumerism and conformity, and inequalities based on race, gender, and class.

Louisiana Purchase - Pros and Cons, Resistance to:

Doubled the size of the United States and opened up vast territories for westward expansion. However, it also raised questions about the constitutionality of executive power and ignited debates over the extension of slavery into new territories. Some Federalists opposed the purchase, viewing it as an expansion of federal power and a threat to their political interests.

Charles Lindbergh:

An American aviator and national hero who gained fame for making the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927. He was also known for his isolationist views and opposition to U.S. involvement in World War II, as well as his controversial views on race and eugenics.

Jeanette Rankin:

An American politician and women's rights advocate who became the first woman elected to the United States Congress in 1916. A committed pacifist and suffragist, she was the only member of Congress to vote against U.S. entry into both World War I and World War II.

Gerald Nye:

A U.S. Senator from North Dakota known for his leading role in investigating the munitions industry and advocating for neutrality legislation in the years leading up to U.S. involvement in World War II. He chaired the Senate's Special Committee to Investigate the Munitions Industry, which became known as the Nye Committee.

Bruce Barton:

An American author, advertising executive, and politician who served as a Republican member of Congress from 1937 to 1940. He was also a co-founder of the advertising agency Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborn (BBDO) and the author of the best-selling book "The Man Nobody Knows."

Sputnik:

The world's first artificial satellite, launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. Its successful launch marked the beginning of the space age and sparked a space race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Fidel Castro:

A Cuban revolutionary and politician who led the Cuban Revolution and served as the Prime Minister and later President of Cuba from 1959 to 2008. He was a prominent figure in the Cold War and the leader of the Communist government in Cuba.

Little Rock Nine:

Were a group of African American students who enrolled at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957, following the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. Their enrollment was met with resistance and violence from segregationists, leading to a federal intervention by President Eisenhower.

21. Response to Sinking of the Lusitania:

turning public opinion against Germany and ultimately contributed to the United States' entry into World War I. The incident raised questions about the conduct of submarine warfare and the protection of civilian lives at sea.

22. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut:

adopted in 1639, was one of the earliest written constitutions in America. It established a framework for self-government in the Connecticut colony and is considered a precursor to the modern concept of written constitutions.

Aimee Semple McPherson:

A Canadian-American evangelist and founder of the Foursquare Church. She was known for her flamboyant preaching style, pioneering use of media, and controversial personal life.

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan:

Was a military intervention by the Soviet Union aimed at propping up the communist government in Afghanistan. It sparked a decade-long conflict known as the Soviet-Afghan War and led to significant geopolitical consequences, including U.S. support for Afghan resistance fighters (Mujahideen) and increased tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Creation of Slave Culture:

Development of distinct cultural practices, traditions, and social norms among enslaved African Americans in the United States. Despite the hardships of slavery, enslaved people forged strong familial and community bonds, preserved African cultural traditions, and developed unique forms of music, dance, religion, and language.