Ch. 15 - AP Euro

The Witchcraft Craze

period in Europe where over 100,000 people were charged with witchcraft during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. The faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects.

Frederick IV

Calvinist ruler who created league of German Protestant States -- the Protestant Union

The Protestant Union

created by Calvinist ruler Frederick IV; joined by the German Protestant states

Duke Maximilian

duke of the German state Bavaria; organized the Catholic League of German states

The Catholic League

created by duke Maximillian counteracting the Protestant Union; group of the Catholic states in Germany

Bohemian Phase

first phase of 30 years' war; began in Habsburg territory

Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand

Habsburg archduke; tried reimposing Catholicism within the Bohemian estates; received backlash from Calvinist nobles residing within

Frederick V

head of Protestant union; was elected head of Bohemia by protestants

Danish Phase

The second phase of the Thirty Years' War in which the Catholic imperial army led by Albert of Wallenstein won a series of major victories against the Protestants.

King Christian IV

king of Denmark and duke of Holstein, decided to help the Protestants against Emperor Ferdinand

Albrecht von Wallenstein

mercenary general who was paid by the emperor to fight for the HRE, he won many important battles against the Protestants.

Count Tilly

A Catholic General who won the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, a reaction to Defenestration at Prague. One of Ferdinand's best generals.

Edict of Restitution (1629)

Document issued by the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II in 1629 that ordered that all Catholic land taken by the Protestants must be returned.

Swedish Phase

The third phase of the Thirty Years' War marked by Sweden's entrance into the war under King Gustavus Adolphus; during this phase, the Protestants began to defeat the Catholics on many fronts.

Gustavus Adolphus

(1594-1632) Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles.

Battle of Nordlingen (1634)

where imperial army defeated Swedes in southern Germany; guaranteeing its remain of Catholicism

Cardinal Richelieu

(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

King Louis XIII

He Modernized and maintained order in France during the Age of Absolutism; strengthened navy, Enhanced authority as king, helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.,

Franco-Swedish Phase

1635-1648: the fourth and final stage of the Thirty Years War, begun when Catholic France under Louis XIII and his minister Cardinal Richelieu help the Protestant against the Catholics because they fear the Habsburgs under Ferdinand II

Battle of Rocroi

a battle during the Franco-Swedish phase of the Thirty Years War which resulted in a Spanish defeat

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The treaty ending the Thirty Years' War in Germany; it allowed each prince-whether Lutheran, Catholic, or Calvinist-to choose the established creed of his territory.

Peace of Pyrenees (1659)

Ended war between France and Spain after end of 30 Years' War

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Jean Bodin

This was the man who created the theory of sovereignty in which a state becomes sovereign by claiming a monopoly over the instruments of justice

Bishop Jacques Bossuet

principle advocate of divine right of kings during reign of Louis XIV-believed divine right meant that king was placed on throne by God, and therefore owed his authority to no man or group

Divine Right

the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.

Taille

an annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy

Anne of Austria

She is wife on the dead king Louis XIII. She becomes regent over her son and successor of Louis XIII, Louis XIV. But she allowed Cardinal Mazarin, Richelieu's trained successor, to dominate the government.

Cardinal Mazarin

This was the man who served under Cardinal Richelieu and laid the foundations for Louis XIV's expansionist policies

Fronde

a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism

Parlement of Paris

The main court of law in France, which competed with members of the court for influence over the king. Members were known as "nobility of the robe," while the hereditary, military-oriented courtiers were "nobility of the sword".

Court of Versailles

palace in which Louis XIV resided in for part of his reign. It was located about ten miles outside of Paris. it contained several wings, each serving a different purpose. He would hold parties to entertain the nobles who he invited to stay there for part of the year. It also contained a private lake, along wit a massive garden. It was a standing representation of the embellished lifestyle of Louis XIV. Subject of the "Listening to the Past" on pages 562-563.

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

Edict of Fontainebleau (1685)

Richelieu had whittled away Huguenot political rights; Louis XIV took away their religious rights with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 200,000 Huguenots fled France

Jean Baptiste Colbert

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.

Francois-Michel Le Tellier

The secretary of war to Louis XIV who helped France develop a professional army numbering 100,000 men in peacetime and 400,000 in war. Louis made war and almost incessant activity of his reign. To achieve the prestige and military glory benefiting the Sun King as well as to ensure the dominion of his Bourbon dynasty over European affairs, he aided Louis XIV in a series of four different wars.

The Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

League of Augsburg

This was a military alliance that was created in 1689 by all of the major European nations except for France. The purpose of the alliance was to prevent France from dominating Europe.

War of the League of Augsburg

an aggressive war waged by Louis XIV against Spain and the Empire and England and Holland and other states (1689-1697)

Treaty of Ryswick

established the existing state of things before the War of the League of Augsburg

War of the Spanish Succession

a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France.

Charles II

King of Spain until his death in 1700. Crisis over his lack of an heir leads to the War of Spanish Succession.

Louis XIV/Philip V

son of Charles II

John Churchill

duke of Marlborough and commander in chief of the Grand Alliance army; continued William III's policy; England + Holland provided finance and sea power, and England also provided land army nearly 70,000 strong; defeated French forces at Blenheim, Germany and in Ramillies, Spanish Netherlands; ended France's military ascendancy; English crown grants him land- he builds a castle and names it Blenheim castle because of his victory there

Peace of Utrecht

A series of treaties, from 1713 to 1715, that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire.

Brandenburg-Prussia

Group of German territories, ruled by the Hohenzollern family, that became one of Europe's most powerful states in the seventeenth century. Its military strength was supported by its hereditary landowners who were granted autonomy in their territories.

Phillip III

(1598-1621) Agreed to a truce with England after the defeat of the Armada and officially recognized the United provinces as a country.

Duke of Lerma

Philip III's adviser to whom the government was handed over to, used power for personal gain.

Phillip IV of Spain

Led Spain during the troubling time of Thirty Year's War. Spain reached peak of land area, but Philip's failure at reform in the military and domestically put Spain further on decline.

Gaspar de Guzman

Chief minister for Philip IV of Spain. He dominated the king's every move and worked to revive interest of the Spanish monarchy. He made domestic reform decree to cut off the power of the Catholic Church and stop the Inquisition.

Frederick William the Great Elector

This was the man who started absolutism in Prussia by uniting the three provinces of Prussia under one ruler.

The Junkers

Prussian nobles

Frederick III

1st king of Prussia (1688-1713) whose title indicated the growing importance of Prussia

Treaty of Karlowitz

1699 treaty that gave Ottoman lands in SE Europe to Austria thus creating the Austrian Empire

Emporer Charles V

defeated French armies in Italy; gave duchy of Milan to Phillip II in 1540

Ivan IV (the Terrible)

First absolute tsar of Russia who crushed the boyars, giving him a nasty reputation

Boyars

Russian nobles

Time of Troubles

Early 17th-century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion after the death of Ivan IV without an heir; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.

Zemsky Sobor

an assembly of clergy, nobles, and townsmen who chose Michael Romanov, to tbe the new tsar after the death of Ivan the Terrible.

Micheal Romanov

Czar of Russia who started the Romanov dynasty. got the throne because he was the Nephew of Ivan the Terrible

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Table of Ranks

created by Peter, it creates opportunities for nonnobles to serve the state and join the nobility ... nobility based on merit

Charles XII

Swedish king who organized the Swedish forces during the Great Northern War, after defeating the Russians he went to invade Poland and Russia had a chance to reorganize

Great Northern War

Russia vs. Sweden. Russia had Poland, Denmark and Saxony as allies. Treaty of Nystad is where Russia gained Latvia and Estonia and thus gained its Window on the West in the Baltic Sea

Battle of Poltava

After a decisive Russian victory at Poltava in 1709, greatly reduced the threat of the Swedish armies, Peter moved in high gear and wanted to build a city like no other in the world, the St. Petersburg. (587)

Peace of Nystadt

Ended Great Northern War and gave much Swedish-controlled land in Baltics to Russia

Axel Oxenstierna

successor of Gustavus Adolphus, important figure in 30 Years War. He ruled for 40 years and laid the foundations of the Swedish government.

Janissaries

Part of Ottoman empire; Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan; extremely successful

Prince Jagiello

Prince of Lithuania; bonded with Queen of Poland; created powerful bonding state

Queen Jadwiga

Queen of Poland; bonded with Prince of Lithuania; created powerful bonding state

Sigismund III

(1587-1632) An elected leader of Poland-Lithuania that wanted to gain the Swedish crown and stengthen the Roman Catholic church

Sejm

The legislative assembly of the Polish nobility.

Liberum veto

voting in Polish parliament had to be unanimous for changes to be made; thus, little could be done to systematically strengthen the kingdom

Stadholder

against States General; The executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position often held by the princes of Orange.

States General

against Stadholder; term used by the national assembly of the United Provinces of the Netherlands where the wealthy merchant class held real power; because many issues had to be refereed back to the provinces, the United Provinces was a confederation, or weak union of a strong states.

King James VI

inherited the throne instead of Mary after death of Queen Elizabeth

Gentry

A general term for a class of prosperous families, sometimes including but often ranked below the rural aristocrats.

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

Petition of Right

Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land

Triennial Act

An Act of Parliament reluctantly agreed to by Charles I (who said it reduced his sovereign powers) which stated that there had to be a parliament of at least 50 days duration every three years.

John Pym

A Parliamentary leader of the opposition to the throne. He led Parliament in refusing to give funds to the king until he gave into their grievances.

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

The Rump Parliament

The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy.

Levellers

Radical religious revolutionaries-sought social and political reforms, a more egalitarian (equal) society.

Instrument of Government

Cromwell favored toleration on the issue of religion in England. The Instrument of Government gave all Christians, except Roman Catholics, the right to practice their faith. The constitution that had been prepared for by the army. It invested executive power in a lord protectorate and a council of state. Cromwell eventually tore up the constitution. (552-553)

Cavalier Parliament

a parliament between 1661 and 1679 that supported the king

Declaration of Indulgence (Charles)

issued by Charles II suspending laws Parliament against Catholics and Puritans

Test Act (1673)

Charles II's Parliament said that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices

Whigs

a person for the Protestant king; against Tories

Tories

a person who supported the British cause in the American Revolution; a loyalist; against Whigs

James II

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government

Declaration of Indulgence (James)

NEW declaration of indulgence suspending laws barring Catholics and Dissenters from office

William of Orange

Dutch prince invited to be king of England after The Glorious Revolution. Joined League of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV.

The Revolution Settlement

followed the Glorious Revolution; Prince William and Mary became rulers in England

Convention Parliament

asserted James tried to subvert the constitution, breaking the contract between the king and people, leaving throne vacant

Bill of Rights (1689)

Drawn up by Parliament and presented to King William II and Queen Mary, it listed certain rights of the British people. It also limited the king's powers in taxing and prohibitted the maintenance of a standing army in peacetime.

Toleration Act (1689)

granted Puritans, but not Catholics, the right of free public worship