unit 3 ap chemistry slideshows

from teacher, will add more terms chapter 4 is the only one added so far

solution

homogenous mixture of 2 or more solutions

solute

substance present in smaller amount

solvent

substance present in larger amount

electrolyte

substance that results in a solution that conducts electrivityno

nelectrolyte

does not conduct electricity

reversible reaction

occur in both directions

weak electrolyte

ionization in water is incomplete

hydration

ion is surrounded by water molecules arranged in specific manner

precipitate

insoluble solid separated from solution

solubility

maximum amount of solute that wll dissolve in given quantity of solvent at certain temperature

bronsted acid

proton donor, synthesis

bronsted base

proton acceptor, decomposition

monoprodic acid

can produce one H when dissolved

diprodic acid

two H when dissolved

triprotic acid

three H when dissolved

hydrogen displacement reaction

M + BC→ AC + B

M → metal

BC → acid

B → H2

oxidation number

charge the atom would have if e- were completely transferred

free element oxidation #

0

oxidation # for O

-2

hydrogen rule oxidation #

always 1+ except when bonded to metals in binary compounds (which is -1)

group 1 oxidation #

+1

group 2 oxidation #

+2

flourine oxidation #

-1

true or false: oxidation numbers are always integers

false

activity series for halogens

F>Cl>Br>II

disproportionation reaction

element is simultaneously oxidized and reduced

concentration

amount of solute in solvent or solution

molarity

moles of solute / moles of solvent

dilution

preparing less concentrated solution from more concentrated solution

gravimetric analysis

1. dissolve unknown substance in water

2. react unknown with known substance to form precipitate

3. filter and dry precipitate

4. weigh precipitate

5. use chemical formula and mass of precipitate tp determine amount of unknown ion

titration

known concentration is added to another solution until chemical reaction is complete

equivalence point

reaction is complete

indicator

substance that changes color at equivalence point