LEIS 2127 final

theory

systematic explanation of a phenomenon based on evidence. explanation of the relationship between 2+ concepts

psychology

the study of human brains and behaviours

sociology

the study of culture and interactions

Social psychology

how the presence of others influences the mind

leisure theory

the way we think about and explain leisure and its relationships to other concepts of interest

leisure

an experience of meaningful attitude, rather than as a time or activity. Subjectively experienced and individualized

intrinsic motivation

Type of motivation that comes from within a person, driven by personal satisfaction and enjoyment of the task itself rather than external rewards or pressure.

external motivation

Motivation coming from outside factors, such as rewards, praise, or punishment. It is based on the desire to receive something or avoid something undesirable.

Neulinger’s leisure paradigm

defines whether an activity can be understood as leisure based on motivation and perceived freedom

perceived freedom

Someone feels like they have choice to complete something because they want to

introjected regulation

the internalization of extrinsic motivators, motivations can be tied to self-worth

overjustification effect

extrinsic rewards overpower sense of self determination and shift motivation from intrinsic to extrinsic

self-determination theory

describes the motivations underlying peoples choices when in the absence of extrinsic motivators

self-determination

the ability to exercise a sense of choice

autonomy

freedom to make choices

competence

experience of mastery, feeling like something is effective

relatedness

a sense of connection to others and the world. Sense of value and contribution

controlling environments

environments where one feels like they have no choice, control, or self-determination due to extrinsic regulation

autonomy-supporting environments

environment where opportunities for personal choice and control are present. Helping intrinsic motivation

social context of leisure

social, cultural, political norms and influences. secularization, individualism, globalization, urbanization, industrialization, could be personally or historically specific

secularization

movement away from religious influences and control

individualization

increasing focus on the individual rather than the community

globalization

decreasing importance of national boundaries

urbanization

increased pollution in urban areas

industrialization

movement away rom an agricultural society, increased focus on manufacturing and production

leisure in the 21st century

digitalized economy, time-space compression, people are becoming increasingly educated, mobile, creative, demanding, blurs division between work and leisure

time-space compression

We feel like we have less time because of more choices and responsibilities

modernity (late 19th century)

era of increased industrial capitalism, focus on order, work and productivity are seen as ethical and desirable, leisure is used to maintain order in society

post modernity (mid-late 20th century)

rejection of modernity, fragmentation, diversity and disorder in society and culture, more variety in leisure experiences, exploration of risk and marginality within leisure

positive psychology

nurturing positive mental health rather than treating mental illnesses. Studies the adaptive, creative, and emotionally fulfilling aspects of human behaviours

Flow

sense of effortless action one feels in moments that stand out as the best in their lives. Being in the zone

aspects of flow

challenging activity requiring the right amount of skill, merging of action and awareness, clear goals and immediate feedback, concentration on the task at hand, sense of control, loss of self conciousness and ego, loss of sense of time

motivation

something compelling people towards an action and directs their actions, influenced by situational factors

seeking

search for psychological satisfaction through leisure

personal seeking

self-determination, competence, challenge, learning, exploration, relaxation

interpersonal seeking

social contact and connectedness

escaping

time away from everyday environments

personal escaping

used to forget about problems, difficulties, failures etc.

interpersonal escaping

used for time away from family, friends, colleagues, etc.

theory of planned behaviour

Ajzen

attitudes towards behaviours

a personal evaluation of the habaviour as either favourable or unfavourable

subjective norm

perceived social pressures to perform or choose not to perform a behaviour

perceived behavioural control

perceived ease of performing the behaviour, reflects past behaviours and perceived obstacles

moderators of the theory of planned behaviour

time between measurement of an intention and observation of behaviour, lack of actual control of a behaviour

the law of parsimony

states that the simplest explanation is the best

stages of change model

Prochaska and Diclemente

self efficacy (Bandura)

confidence in one’s ability to change a behaviour

decision balance

an individual’s evaluation of the pros and cons of making a change

stages of change

pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, relapse

social ecological model/ ecological systems theory

emphasizes the social, cultural, and political contexts affecting one’s behaviours and actions. individuals’ lives and health are affected by their environment, including social, political and cultural environments, rooted in a broad definition of health, spheres of influence are all interconnected

sense of community

Describes members relationships to and feelings about community. One way of contextualizing or measuring the social impacts of leisure

dimensions of community

membership, influence, integration/role fufillment, shared emotional connection

membership

sense of belonging

influence

individuals can shape community and share knowledge

integration/role fulfilment

people feel like their needs are filled within the group

shred emotional connection

members have shared experiences and understandings

perceived sense of community scale

30 questions measuring 3 dimenstions mission

serious leisure

the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer activity that they turn into a leisure career

amateurs

people who pursue leisure activities that others do recreationally in a professional capacity (ex: art, science)

hobbyists

people who pursue leisure activities with no professional counterpart (ex: scrapbooking, stamp collecting)

career volunteers

committed volunteers (either casual or project based)

serious pursuits

serious leisure and devotee work

casual leisure

intrinsically motivated, relatively short-lived pleasurable activity which needs little or no special training

project based leisure

short-term, moderately complicated, occasional creative undertaking during free time

characteristics of serious leisure

need to perserveer, specialized knowledge and experience, strong identification with the pursuit, ability to follow a leisure career path, personal and social benefits, participation in a unique social world

serious leisure career path

steady progression through a career path of milestones, achievements, goals etc. Acquiring stories, items, and achievements can symbolize progression

social worlds of serious leisure

strong affiliation and identity with a particular serious leisure pursuit and social worldcan influence friendships, and how money and time are spentcan be shown through material item acquisition

critiques of serious leisure

family disruptions, deviant leisure as serious leisure, privilege is needed for access (most of the time), does not consider why people are left out of participation, little emphasis on community benefits, assumes that participation always leads to benefits

leisure specialization

a continue of behaviours from general to particular, reflected by skill use and activity setting preferences

the stress buffering hypothesis

States that leisure helps people cope with daily life and more significant stresses. Leisure buffers/reduces the impacts of stressful events

stress

When the pressure of a situation exceeds one’s ability to cope

coping

the attempt to lessen physical or psychological stresses or negative feelings associated with a circumstance

problem focused coping

finding a literal solution for a challenge

emotion focused coping

changing thoughts and emotions towards a challenge

leisure stress coping is made of

leisure coping beliefs and leisure coping strategies

leisure coping beliefs

peoples' generalized beliefs that leisure helps them cope with stress includes leisure autonomy and leisure friendships

leisure coping strategies

actual stress coping behaviours and thoughts, which are available through participation. includes leisure mood enhancement, leisure palliative (in the moment) coping, and leisure companionship make up

adaptation and transformative change

allows for normalcy, identity affirmation, experession, exploration, and development

personal transformation

when a crisis becomes an occasion for reevaluating oneself, values, and goals. Allows for greater openness and appreciation of experiences

constraints

factors limiting participation or enjoyment in leisure experiences

the negotiation thesis

people might participate in leisure with constraints but their participation might be different than if no constraints were present

intrapersonal constraints

internal psychological states and attributes which influence leisure preferences

interpersonal constraints

the result of social interactions within others

structural constraints

external conditions that intervene with leisure participation and preferences

hierarchal/negotiation model

participation is dependant on negotiations through constraints, anticipation of constraints may stop desire for participation, success of the negotiation process is dependent on the strengths of constraints and motivations for participation

critiques of constraints theory

successful negotiation means participating in an activity as '“normally” as possible, cumulative effects of constraints can be more important than any one constraint, implies that constraints are always negative, but they can decrease high-risk behaviours, positions constraints as individual challenges instead of societal

ecological model of leisure constraints

individual, interpersonal, context, system

commodification

the process of transformation from something public or non-commercial into something that can be bought or sold. Increasing materialism

Marx

sees commodification as capitalism that creates a loss in power and agency

Weber

sees commodification as driven by modernity and associated with bureaucratization/social order

Adorno

is critical of modernity and capitalism as inhibiting creativity and human expression. Encourages passivity and consumption

leisure consumption

the use or necessity of commercial goods as part of the leisure experience. Consumption is seen as a necessary part of the leisure experience. Leisure stimulates the economy and people become passive consumers

fabricated leisure sites

amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls

commercially made entertainment

TV, video games, movies

commercial aspects of traditional leisure sites

gift shops, museums

The Harried leisure class

increased consumption of consumer goods during leisure time to increase the “productivity” of leisure

conspicuous consumption

intent to critique the nouveau riche (newly rich) upper class who benefit from economic prosperity of the second industrial revolution. People publicly display their wealth to show their social status and prestige

pecuniary emulation

consumption/acquisition of material items to equal or surpass others in appearance of wealth

Rojek 1998

suggests that consumer items are seen as symbols for success, beauty, elegance, popularity, athleticness, etc.

democratized consumption

increased availability of “knockoffs” and inexpensive goods allows people with less wealth to purchase items that were once symbols of the upper class