LEIS 2127 final

theory: systematic explanation of a phenomenon based on evidence. explanation of the relationship between 2+ concepts

psychology: the study of human brains and behaviours

sociology: the study of culture and interactions

Social psychology: how the presence of others influences the mind

leisure theory: the way we think about and explain leisure and its relationships to other concepts of interest

leisure: an experience of meaningful attitude, rather than as a time or activity. Subjectively experienced and individualized

intrinsic motivation: Type of motivation that comes from within a person, driven by personal satisfaction and enjoyment of the task itself rather than external rewards or pressure.

external motivation: Motivation coming from outside factors, such as rewards, praise, or punishment. It is based on the desire to receive something or avoid something undesirable.

Neulinger’s leisure paradigm: defines whether an activity can be understood as leisure based on motivation and perceived freedom

perceived freedom: Someone feels like they have choice to complete something because they want to

introjected regulation: the internalization of extrinsic motivators, motivations can be tied to self-worth

overjustification effect: extrinsic rewards overpower sense of self determination and shift motivation from intrinsic to extrinsic

self-determination theory: describes the motivations underlying peoples choices when in the absence of extrinsic motivators

self-determination: the ability to exercise a sense of choice

autonomy: freedom to make choices

competence: experience of mastery, feeling like something is effective

relatedness: a sense of connection to others and the world. Sense of value and contribution

controlling environments: environments where one feels like they have no choice, control, or self-determination due to extrinsic regulation

autonomy-supporting environments: environment where opportunities for personal choice and control are present. Helping intrinsic motivation

social context of leisure: social, cultural, political norms and influences. secularization, individualism, globalization, urbanization, industrialization, could be personally or historically specific

secularization: movement away from religious influences and control

individualization: increasing focus on the individual rather than the community

globalization: decreasing importance of national boundaries

urbanization: increased pollution in urban areas

industrialization: movement away rom an agricultural society, increased focus on manufacturing and production

leisure in the 21st century: digitalized economytime-space compressionpeople are becoming increasingly educated, mobile, creative, demandingburs division between work and leisure

time-space compression: We feel ike we have less time because of more choices and responsibilities

modernity (late 19th century): era of increased industrial capitalismfocus on orderwork and productivity are seen as ethical and desirableleisure is used to maintain order in society

post modernity (mid-late 20th century): rejection of modernityfragmentation, diversity and disorder in society and culturemore variety in leisure experiences, exploration of risk and marginality within leisure

positive psychology: nurturing positive mental health rather than treating mental illnesses. Studies the adaptive, creative, and emotionally fulfilling aspects of human behaviours

Flow: sense of effortless action one feels in moments that stand out as the best in their lives. Being in the zone

aspects of flow: challenging activity requiring the right amount of skillmerging of action and awarenessclear goals and immediate feedbackconcentration on the task at handsense of controlloss of self conciousness and egoloss of sense of time

motivation: something compelling people towards an action and directs their actions, influenced by situational factors

seeking: search for psychological satisfaction through leisure

personal seeking: self-determination, competence, challenge, learning, exploration, relaxation

interpersonal seeking: social contact and connectedness

escaping: time away from everyday environments

personal escaping: used to forget about problems, difficulties, failures etc.

interpersonal escaping: used for time away from family, friends, colleagues, etc.

theory of planned behaviour: Ajzen: states that perceived behavioural control and behavioural intentions predict one’s actions

attitudes towards behaviours: a personal evaluation of the habaviour as either favourable or unfavourable

subjective norm: perceived social pressures to perform or choose not to perform a behaviour

perceived behavioural control: perceived ease of performing the behaviour, reflects past behaviours and perceived obstacles

moderators of the theory of planned behaviour: time between measurement of an intention and observation of behaviour, lack of actual control of a behaviour

the law of parsimony: states that the simplest explanation is the best

stages of change model: Prochaska and Diclemente: Assesses an infividual’s evaluation of the pros and cons of making a change. Focuses on self efficacy and decision balance. match individual to programs and services that start at their stage of change, meets them where they are at

self efficacy (Bandura): confidence in one’s ability to change a behaviour

decision balance: an individual’s evaluation of the pros and cons of making a change

stages of change: precontemplationcontemplationpreparationactionmaintenancerelapse

social ecological model/ ecological systems theory: emphasizes the social, cultural, and political contexts affecting one’s behaviours and actions. individuals’ lives and health are affected by their environment, including social, political and cultural environmentsrooted in a broad definition of healthspheres of influence are all interconnected

sense of community: Describes members relationships to and feelings about community. One way of contextualizing or measuring the social impacts of leisure

dimensions of community: membershipinfluenceintegration/role fufillmentshared emotional connection

membership: sense of belonging

influence: individuals can shape community and share knowledge

integration/role fulfilment: people feel like their needs are filled within the group

shred emotional connection: members have shared experiences and understandings

perceived sense of community scale: 30 questions measuring 3 dimenstions mission: focused on group goals, responsibilites, measures integration and fulfilment of needsreciprocal responsibility: how group members help and depend on each other, measures influenceharmony: how well group members get along with each other, measures shared emotional connections

serious leisure: the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer activity that they turn into a leisure career

amateurs: people who pursue leisure activities that others do recreationally in a professional capacity (ex: music, art, science)

hobbyists: people who pursue leisure activities with no professional counterpart (ex: scrapbooking, stamp collecting)

career volunteers: committed volunteers (either casual or project based)

serious pursuits: serious leisure and devotee work

casual leisure: intrinsically motivated, relatively short-lived pleasurable activity which needs little or no special training

project based leisure: short-term, moderately complicated occasional creative undertaking during free time

characteristics of serious leisure: need to perserveerspecialized knowledge and experiencestrong identification with the pursuitability to follow a leisure career pathpersonal and social benefitsparticipation in a unique social world

serious leisure career path: steady progression through a career path of milestones, achievements, goals etc. Acquiring stories, items, and achievements can symbolize progression

social worlds of serious leisure: strong affiliation and identity with a particular serious leisure pursuit and social worldcan influence friendships, and how money and time are spentcan be shown through material item acquisition

critiques of serious leisure: family disruptionsdeviant leisure as serious leisureprivilege is needed for access (most of the time)does not consider why people are left out of participationlittle emphasis on community benefitsassumes that participation always leads to benefits

leisure specialization: a continue of behaviours from general to particular, reflected by skill use and activity setting preferences

the stress buffering hypothesis: States that leisure helps people cope with daily life and more significant stresses. Leisure buffers/reduces the impacts of stressful events

stress: When the pressure of a situation exceeds one’s ability to cope

coping: the attempt to lessen physical or psychological stresses or negative feelings associated with a circumstance

problem focused coping: finding a literal solution for a challenge

emotion focused coping: changing thoughts and emotions towards a challenge

leisure stress coping is made of: leisure coping beliefs and leisure coping strategies

leisure coping beliefs: peoples' generalized beliefs that leisure helps them cope with stress includes leisure autonomy and leisure friendships

leisure coping strategies: actual stress coping behaviours and thoughts, which are available through participation. includes leisure mood enhancement, leisure palliative (in the moment) coping, and leisure companionship make up

adaptation and transformative change: allows for normalcy, identity affirmation, experession, exploration, and development

personal transformation: when a crisis becomes an occasion for reevaluating oneself, values, and goals. Allows for greater openness and appreciation of experiences

constraints: factors limiting participation or enjoyment in leisure experiences

the negotiation thesis: people might participate in leisure with constraints but their participation might be different than if no constraints were present

intrapersonal constraints: internal psychological states and attributes which influence leisure preferences

interpersonal constraints: the result of social interactions within others

structural constraints: external conditions that intervene with leisure participation and preferences

hierarchal/negotiation model: participation is dependant on negotiations through constraintsanticipation of constraints may stop desire for participationsuccess of the negotiation process is dependent on the strengths of constraints and motivations for participation

critiques of constraints theory: successful negotiation means participating in an activity as '“normally” as possiblecumulative effects of constraints can be more important than any one constraintimplies that constraints are always negative, but they can decrease high-risk behaviourspositions constraints as individual challenges instead of societal

ecological model of leisure constraints: individualinterpersonalcontextsystem

commodification: the process of transformation from something public or non-commercial into something that can be bought or sold. Increasing materialism

Marx: sees commodification as capitalism that creates a loss in power and agency

Weber: sees commodification as driven by modernity and associated with bureaucratization/social order

Adorno: is critical of modernity and capitalism as inhibiting creativity and human expression. Encourages passivity and consumption

leisure consumption: the use or necessity of commercial goods as part of the leisure experience. Consumption is seen as a necessary part of the leisure experience. Leisure stimulates the economy and people become passive consumers

fabricated leisure sites: amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls

commercially made entertainment: TV, video games, movies

commercial aspects of traditional leisure sites: gift shops, museums

The Harried leisure class: increased consumption of consumer goods during leisure time to increase the “productivity” of leisure

conspicuous consumption: intent to critique the nouveau riche (newly rich) upper class who benefit from economic prosperity of the second industrial revolution. People publicly display their wealth to show their social status and prestige

pecuniary emulation: consumption/acquisition of material items to equal or surpass others in appearance of wealth

Rojek 1998: suggests that consumer items are seen as symbols for success, beauty, elegance, popularity, athleticness, etc.

democratized consumption: increased availability of “knockoffs” and inexpensive goods allows people with less wealth to purchase items that were once symbols of the upper class

e-leisure: enjoyable leisure activities that facilitated through information or communication technologies (like computers, internet, and phones). It is more dispersed and less time distinctive than other leisure activities

interactivity: in e-leisure the individual can be an active participant in user-system or user-user interaction, choice is increased

anonymity: in e-leisure the ability to remain unknown or to control which aspects of one’s identity are revealed

asynchronous environment: in e-leisure, games with gaps between players moves. Can increase control over experiences and its pace but decrease the level of involvement.

immersion in virtual reality: in e-leisure, the boundaries between what is real and fake are blurred.

roles of technology in leisure: supports participation in leisure (ex: trip planning, taking photos, purchasing equipment)can be an activity itself (ex: video games, social media, online shopping)

technology as a constraint to leisure: a lack on digital skills or confidence can prevent info on offline leisure activities (ex: online registration systems, limited internet access, cost of electronics)this could serve as a distraction from activities

chosen family: a group of people who chose each other to be present in their lives. Non-biological kinship bonds with mutual support and love

purposive leisure: leisure which is planned, facilitated, and executed to achieve short and long term goals

family leisure: leisure which is planned by parents with the needs of their children at the forefront. Can be shown as perfect in the media but this is not always reality.

benefits of family leisure: promotes cohesion and communicationshare or install valuesshare or validate expressions of family

core and balance model of family leisure: based on the idea that people try to meet two opposing needs through leisure. Seeking a combination of stability and novelty through core and balance activities

core activities: common, everyday, low-cost activities that families do frequently. Promote cohesion, comfort, and reinforce familial roles. (ex: board games, making and eating meals, reading books)

balance activities: activities that are less common, less frequent, and usually not home based, these meet the need for change and novelty. Unfamiliar environments allow adaptation to change and new situations. (ex: camping, vacations, museums, sporting events)

family leisure in the margins: emerging or minority family structures which have previously unexamined roles and relationships (ex: single parent families, low income or families in poverty, same-sex families)

involved parenting: parents spend as much time as possible with their children to develop close relationships and do purposeful activities

intensive parenting: parents devote much of their energy into their child’s needs and wellbeing. They make significant sacrifices to their lives to benefit their children. Sometimes are over involved in their children's lives and take too much responsibility

entitlement to leisure: one’s right to leisure, either real or perceived. Made of personal and societal perceptions about who deserves the right to leisure

parents entitlement to leisure: relates to the extent that parents value their own leisure pursuits and how society judges parents for taking time/resources for this.

spillover: qualities, characteristics, and attitudes towards work are reflected in leisure choices

compensation: leisure compensates for psychological needs that are not fulfilled at work

career related purposive leisure: leisure that is important for career development (ex: networking, volunteering, corporate events)

Keyne’s problem of the leisure society: had the thesis that reduced working hours offer an opportunity for enhanced leisure time but society is not prepared for this. Assumes that if people could make enough money to work less than they would

The overworked American: Focuses on the unexpected decline in leisure pursuits, and how this relates to over consumption. Schor 1991

New norms in work: Irregular work schedules and working from home,making longer commutesjob and security and more contract workersbeing able to work even went off scheduled working hours (ex: checking emails)

Compensation theory: Suggests that this occurs in a response to an unstable economy people choose comfortable a traditional leisure patterns to cope with instability and change in the labour market

surplus energy theory: Play seen as a means to use excess energy, but does this does not account for non physical play

Recreation/relaxation theory: Play is seen as a way for people to restore their energy for work. However, this assumes that work and play are opposites.

Recapitulation theory: Play seems to mimic stages of evolution and to expel primitive instincts. It does not explain that place is imaginative or play that's related to new/ modern technology

Preparation/practice theory: Sees play as a means to practice skills needed for adulthood. This is not account for adult play that assumes that all play must have an external goal

Catharsis theory: Play seen as an acceptable way to expand excess emotional energy (blowing off steam). This is an extension of the surplus energy theory

Cognitive theories: Children, assimilate, knowledge, create knowledge, and or build problem-solving skills. Suggests that plays closely related to learning Three stages: Functional play: blocks/towersSymbolic construction and Socio dramatic play: dolls, doctor, trains houseGames with rules: video games, board games, cards, games where children create their own rules

Psychoanalytic theories: A method of mastering, disturbing thoughts or experiences reduces pressures. Offers opportunities for control, and ability to make meaning in an adult focused world. Can only be understood with a direct understanding of the child, their life and behaviours. (ex: a child yelling at a stuffy after a parent yelled at them)

Aspects of play: Intrinsic motivationfree choicesuspension of realitypositive affectprocess over productactive involvementrules that govern playinternal locus of controlexperience of flow (not necessary but often happens)

Risky play: an exciting activity involving potential physical injury, opportunities for challenge, testing limits, exploring boundaries and learning about risk

Elements of risky play: Great heights or speedsdangerous tools or elementsrough and tumblerisk of getting lost

Loose parts play: Play tools without a distinct use, often using natural items or recycled materials, provided an opportunity for risky play, creativity, and physical activity

Defining adulthood: This can be defined with age, maturity, skills, and experiences

Social constructionism: Theory of knowledge, focusing on how societies or cultures develop jointly constructed understandings of the world suggests that meeting is created through language and interactions

Interaction order: Theory explaining how social interactions follow rules to create a functioning and reliable social narrative

Embarrassment: Failing to follow interaction order leads to this, making this an important aspect of social control

Alibis: An excuse, pretext or justification reasons we get for behaviors, falling outside of what is acceptable

Establish understandings: An alibi where adults can engage in something, even if it's embarrassing as it's supposed to be embarrassing. Ex: Karaoke

Roll fulfilment: An alibi where playing with a child is necessary if you're caring for them. Not playing would be unacceptable

Signalling: An alibi where others can make sense of unfolding events, making it acceptable. (Ex: if you have a baseball mitt and bat on a baseball field, everyone will understand you’re playing baseball.)

Performance/expertise: Alibi where claiming basic know-how or skill associated with an activity, makes it more acceptable. (ex: playing dress-up is okay if you are a Broadway actor)

Unselfconscious involvement: An alibi where one maintains self-composure throughout an activity to show maturity (ex: Rolling a gutter ball and then laughing about it instead of getting upset)

leisure as resistance: assumes that leisure is inherently linked to power and power relations

resistance: verbal, cognitive, or physical actions opposing systems of power

structuralist perspective: believes that resistance acts to challenge power structures. Suggests that through resistance, dominant structures can change or evolve.

reproducing dominant ideologies: The process of reinforcing and perpetuating the beliefs, values, and norms of those in power through various social institutions and practices. (ex: gendered sports teams, expensive classes, elite level)

resist inequities or stereotypes: Actively challenging and standing up against discrimination and bias in all forms. (ex: all gender classes, all level classes, accessible programming)

poststructuralist and postmodernist perspectives: Believes power has multiple sources, and so does oppression. Power and resistance are seen as individual.

Foucault: Believes that power has multiple sources and is available to everyone. Resistance is also individually available to all. Resistance is linked to personal development rather than societal change

interactionism: This sociological theory emphasizes how individuals actively shape their social world through their actions and interactions with others. Personal empowerment can lead to broader social change, focuses on individual agency whilst recognizing the collective act

leisure to resist dominant ideologies and structural inequalities: challenging stereotypesbreaking down barriersparticipation in unique sub cultures to reinforce cultural identitysocial activism/social changeclaiming entitlement to leisure

Deviance: behaviour violating social norms and morals, dependant on existing social norms about what is appropriate, moral, and legal. Socially constructed and defined by those in power.

deviant leisure: leisure activities which violate social norms. Assumes that deviance is the opposite of healthy/appropriate leisure

tolerable deviance: deviant behaviours generally tolerated by society. Typically because societal threat is perceived as low.

intolerable deviance: deviant behaviours which are criminal or severely violate societal norms

Anomie: Durkheim: during times of societal uncertainty and change, societal norms and expectations are relaxed. Therefore, more people participate in deviant leisure

Social bond theory: Hirshi: suggests that individuals are less likely to engage in deviant behaviour when they have strong bonds with society, including attachment to others, commitment to conventional goals, involvement in conventional activities, and belief in the legitimacy of societal norms and values.

Sensation seeking: Zuckerman: people are willing to take social and physical risks to meet their needs for sensations

Fox and Lashua 2010: sees marginalized leisure as a means of strengthening or asserting identity creates space for alternative communitiiesresisting mainstream cultureallows for creativity, innovation, experimentalism

Marginal leisure: pleasurable, often hedonistic, thrill seeking leisure experiences, viewed as harmful or immoral by others

Edgework: voluntary participation in high-risk activities or marginal leisure. Cretes identity in marginal communities, resists mainstream culture/power. Explores the edge between right/wrong, life/death etc.

Life course: transitions marking aging in one’s life. (ex: starting school, driver’s license, first job, getting married

normative age grade influences: biological changes and predictable life events. (ex: puberty, graduating highschool)

normative history grade influences: associated with living in a particular time period or events influencing one’s life (ex: Covid 19, 9/11)

non-normative life events: experienced as unexpected life circumstances rather than biological or large scale cultural events. (ex: death/illness of family member or self, moving, divorce)

deficiency model of aging: views aging as a decline in reduction of activities, seen as inevitable and some activities are seen as inappropriate. Presents aging as a problem

aging well perspective of aging: highlights losses associated with later life and the gains, assets, and abilities of older adults. Sees aging as a dynamic process without a fixed outcome. Recognized older adults’ preferences and needs

activity theory: based on the idea that people need to keep involved in activities, replaces work with leisure to maintain psychological health and “age successfully”

continuity theory: based on the idea that people prefer similar activities throughout their life. Maintaining the stability of activity allows easier adaptations associated with aging

selection, optimization, and compensation theory: Baltes and Baltes 1990): draws attention to processes people use to reach their goals under increasing limitations of resources. describes how adults adapt to losses associated with aging and maintain quality of life.

selection: prioritization of goals, can be based on factors like avoiding uncertainty or embarrassment, accepting or rejecting constraints

optimization: committing to prioritized leisure activities, shaping perspectives about leisure and life, enhancing resources

compensation: adapting to new limitations by developing new skills or identifying potential supports. Preparing for possible challenges, recieving support, confronting negative situations

innovation theory: changes associated in later life contribute to a new self concept

self-preservation: aspects of oneself are reconstructed in new ways through leisure and activities are consistent with established interests, skills, and relationships

self-reinvention: leisure is seen as a means of personal development, introducing new activities, suggesting new goals, directions, or roles.