Psychology Terms

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44 Terms

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Descriptive Statistics

Summarizing and describing data e.g. calculating mean, median, and mode

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Inferential Statistics

Making predictions or inferences about a population based on a sample, e.g hypothesis testing.

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Significance

Statistical significance indicates whether an observed effect is likely due to chance.

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Bar Graph

Bar graphs display categorical data.

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Histogram

Histograms show the distribution of continuous data.

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Aim

The purpose of the study.

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Procedure

Detailed steps followed in the study.

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Results

Presentation of collected data.

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Findings

Interpretation of results.

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Implications

The broader significance or applications of the study.

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Anonymity

Ensuring participants' identities are not disclosed.

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Informed Consent

Participants are fully aware of the study and agree to participate.

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Debriefing

Providing participants with information after the study is complete.

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Undue Stress or Harm

Avoiding unnecessary psychological or physical harm to participants.

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Lab Experiment

Lab experiments are conducted in a controlled environment, often a laboratory, where researchers can manipulate variables and control extraneous factors to isolate the effects of the independent variable.

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Field Experiment

Field experiments take place in real world settings, outside of the controlled environment of a laboratory. Researchers manipulate variables, but the conditions are less controlled compared to lab experiments.

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Quasi Experiment

Quasi experiments share similarities with true experiments, but they lack full randomization of participants to experimental and control groups.

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Natural Experiment

Natural experiments occur when the researcher takes advantage of naturally occurring situations where random assignment is not feasible, but conditions resemble a true experiment.

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Null Hypothesis

Null hypothesis assumes no effect.

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Research Hypothesis

Research hypothesis predicts an effect.

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Random Allocation

Randomly assigning participants to different experimental conditions.

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Independent Samples

Participants are only in one experimental condition.

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Repeated Measures

Participants experience all experimental conditions.

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Demand Characteristics

Participants alter their behavior based on perceived expectations.

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Social Desirability Effect

Participants respond in a way they believe is socially acceptable.

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Ecological Validity

The extent to which study conditions reflect real world situations.

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Observations

Systematic watching and recording of behavior.

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Case Studies

In-depth analysis of an individual, group, or event.

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Method Triangulation

Using multiple research methods to study the same phenomenon.

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Opportunity Sample

Participants chosen based on availability.

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Random Sample

Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

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Snowball Sample

Participants recruit others for the study.

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Self-Selected Sample

Participants volunteer to take part.

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Stratified Sample

Ensures representation of subgroups.

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Representative Sample

Reflects the characteristics of the population.

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Anecdotal Data

Personal stories or experiences.

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Empirical Data

Collected through systematic observation or experimentation.

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Internal Validity

The degree to which an experiment accurately measures what it intends to.

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Construct Validity

The extent to which a test measures the construct it claims to measure.

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Independent Variable

Independent variable is manipulated.

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Dependent Variable

Dependent variable is measured.

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Controls

Factors kept constant to prevent confounding.

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Placebos

Inactive substances or treatments.

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Operationalization

Defining variables in measurable terms.