tb 11

In a study comparing European-Canadian and Chinese children, the __________ children recalled more memories before starting school (Chinese, European-Canadian).

European-Canadian

Chinese children showed __________ signs of childhood amnesia than Canadian children, with a decline in early memory recall between ages __________ (earlier, later).

earlier, 11 and 14

The difference in early childhood memory recall is thought to be due to __________ surrounding memory-sharing conversations (cultural norms, family dynamics).

cultural norms

__________ mothers tend to engage in highly elaborative memory conversations, which helps with memory consolidation (North American, Chinese).

North American

The ability to recognize oneself in a mirror typically develops around __________ months, marking a major milestone in self-awareness (12, 18).

18

Human development involves three interwoven threads: __________, cognitive, and social/emotional development (emotional, physical).

physical

Moving independently, such as crawling or walking, stimulates __________ growth in infants (motor, cognitive).

cognitive

The study of development asks questions such as how __________ interacts with development and whether change is __________ (nature, gradual).

nature, gradual

__________ influences accumulate over time, making younger children more similar to each other than older adults (Environmental, Epigenetic).

Epigenetic

Early developmental psychologists believed development stopped in __________, but we now know that development continues throughout life (childhood, adolescence).

childhood

Development can be __________, meaning it can occur gradually or in abrupt stages (consistent, continuous).

continuous

The __________ approach to development focuses on behaviors found across the entire human species, while the __________ approach considers the impact of culture (universal, ecological).

universal, ecological

The developing organism is called a __________ in the first two gestational weeks (embryo, zygote).

zygote

By gestational week __________, the central nervous system has differentiated into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord (3, 4).

4

The __________ develops into nerve tissue and skin, while the __________ forms muscle and bone (ectoderm, mesoderm).

ectoderm, mesoderm

The study of human development considers changes in behavior that correlate with __________ or maturation (growth, age).

growth

The three major types of development are __________, cognitive, and social-emotional development (physical, psychological).

physical

__________ refers to genetic inheritance, while __________ refers to environmental influences (Nature, nurture).

Nature, nurture

DNA can be chemically “tagged” by external factors like __________, nurture, and stress, influencing genetic expression (diet, environment).

diet

Younger children have had fewer __________ interactions, making them more similar to each other than older adults (epigenetic, developmental).

epigenetic

The __________ perspective suggests development happens gradually, like a rainbow, while the __________ perspective suggests development occurs in abrupt stages, like a staircase (continuity, discontinuity).

continuity, discontinuity

A child suddenly learning to walk after gradual physical growth supports the __________ view of development (continuity, discontinuity).

discontinuity

Psychologists taking a __________ approach look for behaviors common across all humans, while those taking a __________ approach study the impact of culture and environment (universal, ecological).

universal, ecological

Cultural differences in memory recall are influenced by __________, particularly the way parents discuss past events with children (parent-child interactions, educational systems).

parent-child interactions

North American parents use __________ memory conversations, emphasizing the child's experiences, which helps with memory consolidation (elaborative, simple).

elaborative

Childhood amnesia refers to the gradual loss of __________ memories from early childhood (autobiographical, semantic).

autobiographical

In early development, the __________ is the stage lasting from conception to week two, while the __________ stage lasts from week three to week eight (zygote, embryo).

zygote, embryo

The __________ stage begins at week nine and continues until birth (fetus, newborn).

fetus

By gestational week __________, the central nervous system is differentiated into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord (3, 4).

4

The __________ forms the nervous system and skin, while the __________ forms muscles and bones (ectoderm, mesoderm).

ectoderm, mesoderm

The __________ develops into the body’s soft tissues, such as the digestive organs (ectoderm, endoderm).

endoderm

Developmental psychologists now understand that human development continues throughout the __________ rather than stopping after adolescence (lifespan, childhood).

lifespan

Infants’ ability to move (e.g., crawling, walking) enhances both their __________ and social development (cognitive, emotional).

cognitive

Compared to younger adults, older adults tend to experience __________ negative emotions, such as anxiety and frustration (fewer, more).

less

The ability to recognize oneself in a mirror by __________ months marks a major milestone in self-awareness (12, 18).

18

The study of development explores whether changes occur __________, known as the continuity vs. discontinuity debate (gradually, suddenly).

gradually

Compared to Chinese mothers, North American mothers engage in __________ elaborative conversations about past events with their children (fewer, more).

more

During the first year of life, infants __________ their birth weight (double, triple).

triple

A newborn’s head takes up about __________ of their height, while an adult’s head takes up only about __________ (one-quarter, one-third).

one-quarter, one-seventh

The process of __________ eliminates unnecessary synaptic connections, refining neural networks based on experience (synaptic pruning, neural growth).

synaptic pruning

Synaptic pruning follows the __________ principle, meaning active connections are strengthened while unused ones are eliminated (use it or lose it, efficiency in learning).

use it or lose it

__________ matter consists of neural cell bodies and grows rapidly during the first 18 months of life (White, Grey).

Grey

__________ matter refers to myelinated axons, which increase processing speed and efficiency (Grey, White).

White

Myelination begins around __________ and continues through childhood and adolescence (gestational month four, gestational month six).

gestational month six

A rapid increase in __________ matter occurs between ages 6 and 13 in areas related to __________ and spatial relations (white, grey).

white, language

Learning a __________ as a child affects the myelination of language-specific pathways (second language, first language).

second

Compared to humans, newborn chimpanzees are __________ physically developed and independent at birth (less, more).

more

Newborns’ large __________ make early mobility difficult, as their heads make up about __________ of their total length (heads, bodies).

heads, 1/4

__________ twins typically reach motor milestones at more similar times, highlighting the role of genetics in motor development (Fraternal, Identical).

Identical

__________ also influences motor development, as factors like prenatal exposure to antidepressants can affect movement (Environment, Genetics).

Environment

Motor development follows a __________ progression, with infants first gaining control over their __________ (head-to-toe, downward).

head-to-toe, neck and shoulders

The __________ pattern of motor development explains why infants can bat at objects before they can grasp them (midline-to-outward, outward-to-inward).

midline-to-outward

At __________ months, infants can lift their heads, and at __________ months, they begin crawling (though some skip this stage) (2, 3).

3, 6

By their first birthday, most infants have developed enough __________ to stand or walk (muscle strength, coordination).

muscle strength

Motor skills continue to refine into __________, allowing children to perform complex movements like skipping and throwing while running (middle childhood, late childhood).

middle childhood

Parenting styles vary along two dimensions: __________ and __________ (autonomy, behaviour).

parental support, behavioural regulation

__________ involves empathy and recognizing the child’s perspective, while __________ refers to supervision, discipline, and clear expectations (Parental support, behavioural regulation).

Parental support, behavioural regulation

The __________ parenting style is characterized by __________ parental support and __________ behavioural regulation and is considered the ideal style (authoritative, permissive).

authoritative, high, high

__________ parents set appropriate limits, use educational consequences, and balance warmth with firm expectations (Authoritative, Permissive).

Authoritative

__________ parents provide high regulation but __________ parental support, relying more on strict discipline and punishments (Authoritarian, Permissive).

Authoritarian, low

Children raised by __________ parents may be more rebellious due to harsh punishment and lack of warmth (authoritative, authoritarian).

authoritarian

The __________ parenting style features __________ parental support and __________ behavioural regulation, leading to permissive parenting (indulgent, uninvolved).

indulgent, high, low

__________ parents avoid saying “no” and rely on others (teachers, law enforcement) to establish rules (Indulgent, Authoritative).

Indulgent

Children of __________ parents are monitored less and show __________ levels of antisocial behaviour (indulgent, strict).

indulgent, higher

The __________ parenting style is characterized by __________ parental support and __________ behavioural regulation, often due to serious family issues (uninvolved, indulgent).

uninvolved, low, low

The __________ parenting style is linked to higher rates of __________ and substance use in children (uninvolved, authoritative).

uninvolved, antisocial behaviour

By Grade 12, children of __________ parents drink and smoke nearly twice as much as children of other parenting styles (uninvolved, authoritative).

uninvolved

__________ of uninvolved parents are at a high risk of antisocial behaviour (Daughters, Sons).

Sons

Parenting styles are __________ based on life circumstances like job loss, divorce, or health issues (static, can change).

can change

If one parent is __________, they can protect children from the negative effects of the other parent’s differing style (authoritative, authoritarian).

authoritative

Cultural differences exist in parenting: __________ parents are generally more accepting, while __________ parents hold stricter norms for daughters (Canadian, Italian).

Canadian, Italian

Over time, Western parents have given children __________ freedom inside the home and __________ freedom outside the home (more, less).

more, less

During adolescence, __________ reaches adult levels, leading to more logical and analytical thinking (emotional intelligence, working memory).

working memory

Adolescents shift from using __________ as a heuristic to using __________, leading to better decision-making (emotional reasoning, statistical reasoning).

personal experience, statistical reasoning

As knowledge increases, the ability to use __________ like planning and strategy also improves (executive processes, basic skills).

executive processes

Adolescents apply executive strategies to problem-solving and __________ for specific subjects (create knowledge bases, build new knowledge bases).

build new knowledge bases

__________, an Irish teenager, won the 2019 Google Science Fair for developing a __________ that removes microplastics from water (Fionn Ferreira, construction device; John Doe, purification device).

Fionn Ferreira, magnetic liquid

Kohlberg expanded __________'s cognitive development theory to explain __________ reasoning (Erikson, Piaget).

Piaget, moral

Kohlberg assessed moral reasoning by presenting __________ to participants and analyzing their __________ (ethical dilemmas, discussions).

ethical dilemmas, explanations

__________ morality is typical in childhood and early adolescence, where moral choices are based on __________ (Preconventional, experiential reasoning).

Preconventional, punishment and reward

Some individuals never progress beyond __________ morality, believing stealing or cheating is okay as long as they don’t get caught (preconventional, conventional).

preconventional

__________ morality emerges in adolescence and focuses on maintaining reputation and following the law (Conventional, Postconventional).

Conventional

A risk of __________ morality is that people may follow harmful rules, such as supporting genocide or slavery (Conventional, Preconventional).

Conventional

__________ morality is the highest stage, where individuals recognize laws as __________ and follow self-chosen ethical principles (Postconventional, obligatory).

Postconventional, created by humans

According to Kohlberg, __________ people reach __________ morality (few, many).

few, postconventional

Postconventional morality has been criticized for reflecting __________ values, focusing on __________ rather than cultural differences (Western, ethical principles).

Western, personal justice

Adolescents transition from family-centered to __________ social interactions as they prepare for adulthood (peer-centered, family-centered).

peer-centered

__________ developed the psychosocial development model, which outlines social growth throughout the lifespan (Freud, Erikson).

Erikson

Before 1908, young offenders in many countries faced the __________ consequences as adults, leading to __________ (same, severe).

same, criminal influence

Canada’s juvenile criminal justice system began with the __________ in 1908, recognizing that children develop differently from adults (Juvenile Delinquents Act, Youth Criminal Justice Act).

Juvenile Delinquents Act

The __________ (1984) emphasized that young offenders are responsible for their actions but deserve special consideration (Young Offenders Act, Youth Criminal Justice Act).

Young Offenders Act

The __________ (2001) focuses on __________ and reducing youth incarceration (Youth Criminal Justice Act, Young Offenders Act).

Youth Criminal Justice Act, rehabilitation

The __________ discourages __________ for nonviolent youth and promotes __________ (Youth Criminal Justice Act, Young Offenders Act).

Youth Criminal Justice Act, incarceration, alternatives to custody

Incarcerating youth at an early age is linked to __________ mental health outcomes (positive, negative).

negative

Despite overall progress, __________ youth remain __________ in the Canadian justice system (Indigenous, immigrant).

Indigenous, overrepresented

Ethnic identity appears to boost overall self-esteem in __________ and __________ teens during adolescence and young adulthood (Caucasian, Hispanic).

African American, Hispanic

The __________ in Canada forced thousands of Indigenous youth to leave their families, with the explicit purpose of stripping them of their cultural identity (residential school system, child welfare system).

residential school system

The residential school system was intentionally constructed __________ Indigenous communities, making it difficult for students to return home and keeping them __________ to their cultural identity (far outside, close to).

far outside, isolated

The process of forcing Indigenous children to abandon their languages, beliefs, and identities in residential schools has now been recognized as __________ (cultural assimilation, cultural genocide).

cultural genocide

Teens who report __________ quality relationships with their parents are more likely to use marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco (higher, lower).

lower