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Here are the fill-in-the-blank flashcards based on your text:

Hint: In a study comparing European-Canadian and Chinese children, the [European-Canadian/Chinese] children recalled more memories before starting school.
Flipside: European-Canadian

Hint: Chinese children showed [earlier/later] signs of childhood amnesia than Canadian children, with a decline in early memory recall between ages [11 and 14/8 and 10].
Flipside: earlier, 11 and 14

Hint: The difference in early childhood memory recall is thought to be due to [cultural norms/biological factors] surrounding memory-sharing conversations.
Flipside: cultural norms

Hint: [Chinese/North American] mothers tend to engage in highly elaborative memory conversations, which helps with memory consolidation.
Flipside: North American

Hint: The ability to recognize oneself in a mirror typically develops around [12/18] months, marking a major milestone in self-awareness.
Flipside: 18

Hint: Human development involves three interwoven threads: [physical/cultural], cognitive, and social/emotional development.
Flipside: physical

Hint: Moving independently, such as crawling or walking, stimulates [cognitive/emotional] growth in infants.
Flipside: cognitive

Hint: The study of development asks questions such as how [nature/nurture] interacts with development and whether change is [gradual/abrupt].
Flipside: nature, gradual

Hint: [Epigenetic/Genetic] influences accumulate over time, making younger children more similar to each other than older adults.
Flipside: Epigenetic

Hint: Early developmental psychologists believed development stopped in [childhood/adulthood], but we now know that development continues throughout life.
Flipside: childhood

Hint: Development can be [continuous/discontinuous], meaning it can occur gradually or in abrupt stages.
Flipside: continuous

Hint: The [universal/ecological] approach to development focuses on behaviors found across the entire human species, while the [universal/ecological] approach considers the impact of culture.
Flipside: universal, ecological

Hint: The developing organism is called a [zygote/fetus] in the first two gestational weeks.
Flipside: zygote

Hint: By gestational week [4/7], the central nervous system has differentiated into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.
Flipside: 4

Hint: The [ectoderm/mesoderm] develops into nerve tissue and skin, while the [ectoderm/mesoderm] forms muscle and bone.
Flipside: ectoderm, mesoderm

Of course, love! Here are more flashcards with key details and definitions in the same format:

Hint: The study of human development considers changes in behavior that correlate with [growth/memory] or maturation.
Flipside: growth

Hint: The three major types of development are [physical/cognitive/social-emotional], cognitive, and social-emotional development.
Flipside: physical

Hint: [Nature/Nurture] refers to genetic inheritance, while [nature/nurture] refers to environmental influences.
Flipside: Nature, nurture

Hint: DNA can be chemically “tagged” by external factors like [diet/memory], nurture, and stress, influencing genetic expression.
Flipside: diet

Hint: Younger children have had fewer [epigenetic/genetic] interactions, making them more similar to each other than older adults.
Flipside: epigenetic

Hint: The [continuity/discontinuity] perspective suggests development happens gradually, like a rainbow, while the [continuity/discontinuity] perspective suggests development occurs in abrupt stages, like a staircase.
Flipside: continuity, discontinuity

Hint: A child suddenly learning to walk after gradual physical growth supports the [continuity/discontinuity] view of development.
Flipside: discontinuity

Hint: Psychologists taking a [universal/ecological] approach look for behaviors common across all humans, while those taking a [universal/ecological] approach study the impact of culture and environment.
Flipside: universal, ecological

Hint: Cultural differences in memory recall are influenced by [parent-child interactions/biological differences], particularly the way parents discuss past events with children.
Flipside: parent-child interactions

Hint: North American parents use [elaborative/brief] memory conversations, emphasizing the child's experiences, which helps with memory consolidation.
Flipside: elaborative

Hint: Childhood amnesia refers to the gradual loss of [semantic/autobiographical] memories from early childhood.
Flipside: autobiographical

Hint: In early development, the [zygote/embryo] is the stage lasting from conception to week two, while the [zygote/embryo] stage lasts from week three to week eight.
Flipside: zygote, embryo

Hint: The [fetus/embryo] stage begins at week nine and continues until birth.
Flipside: fetus

Hint: By gestational week [4/7], the central nervous system is differentiated into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.
Flipside: 4

Hint: The [ectoderm/mesoderm] forms the nervous system and skin, while the [endoderm/mesoderm] forms muscles and bones.
Flipside: ectoderm, mesoderm

Hint: The [endoderm/mesoderm] develops into the body’s soft tissues, such as the digestive organs.
Flipside: endoderm

Hint: Developmental psychologists now understand that human development continues throughout the [lifespan/childhood] rather than stopping after adolescence.
Flipside: lifespan

Hint: Infants’ ability to move (e.g., crawling, walking) enhances both their [cognitive/social] and social development.
Flipside: cognitive

Hint: Compared to younger adults, older adults tend to experience [more/less] negative emotions, such as anxiety and frustration.
Flipside: less

Hint: The ability to recognize oneself in a mirror by [18/24] months marks a major milestone in self-awareness.
Flipside: 18

Hint: The study of development explores whether changes occur [gradually/abruptly], known as the continuity vs. discontinuity debate.
Flipside: gradually

Hint: Compared to Chinese mothers, North American mothers engage in [less/more] elaborative conversations about past events with their children.
Flipside: more

Here’s a full set of flashcards covering the key concepts from your text in the format you love!

Hint: During the first year of life, infants [triple/double] their birth weight.
Flipside: triple

Hint: A newborn’s head takes up about [one-quarter/one-half] of their height, while an adult’s head takes up only about [one-seventh/one-fifth].
Flipside: one-quarter, one-seventh

Hint: The process of [synaptic pruning/neurogenesis] eliminates unnecessary synaptic connections, refining neural networks based on experience.
Flipside: synaptic pruning

Hint: Synaptic pruning follows the [use it or lose it/all-or-nothing] principle, meaning active connections are strengthened while unused ones are eliminated.
Flipside: use it or lose it

Hint: [Grey/White] matter consists of neural cell bodies and grows rapidly during the first 18 months of life.
Flipside: Grey

Hint: [Grey/White] matter refers to myelinated axons, which increase processing speed and efficiency.
Flipside: White

Hint: Myelination begins around [gestational month six/birth] and continues through childhood and adolescence.
Flipside: gestational month six

Hint: A rapid increase in [grey/white] matter occurs between ages 6 and 13 in areas related to [memory/language] and spatial relations.
Flipside: white, language

Hint: Learning a [first/second] language as a child affects the myelination of language-specific pathways.
Flipside: second

Hint: Compared to humans, newborn chimpanzees are [more/less] physically developed and independent at birth.
Flipside: more

Hint: Newborns’ large [heads/feet] make early mobility difficult, as their heads make up about [1/4 / 1/7] of their total length.
Flipside: heads, 1/4

Hint: [Identical/fraternal] twins typically reach motor milestones at more similar times, highlighting the role of genetics in motor development.
Flipside: Identical

Hint: [Genetics/Environment] also influences motor development, as factors like prenatal exposure to antidepressants can affect movement.
Flipside: Environment

Hint: Motor development follows a [head-to-toe/midline-to-outward] progression, with infants first gaining control over their [legs/neck and shoulders].
Flipside: head-to-toe, neck and shoulders

Hint: The [head-to-toe/midline-to-outward] pattern of motor development explains why infants can bat at objects before they can grasp them.
Flipside: midline-to-outward

Hint: At [3/6] months, infants can lift their heads, and at [6/9] months, they begin crawling (though some skip this stage).
Flipside: 3, 6

Hint: By their first birthday, most infants have developed enough [muscle strength/balance] to stand or walk.
Flipside: muscle strength

Hint: Motor skills continue to refine into [adolescence/middle childhood], allowing children to perform complex movements like skipping and throwing while running.
Flipside: middle childhood

Of course, love! Here’s your set of flashcards covering the key concepts from the parenting styles section.

Hint: Parenting styles vary along two dimensions: [parental support and behavioural regulation/empathy and punishment].
Flipside: parental support and behavioural regulation

Hint: [Parental support/Behavioural regulation] involves empathy and recognizing the child’s perspective, while [parental support/behavioural regulation] refers to supervision, discipline, and clear expectations.
Flipside: Parental support, behavioural regulation

Hint: The [authoritative/authoritarian] parenting style is characterized by [high/low] parental support and [high/low] behavioural regulation and is considered the ideal style.
Flipside: authoritative, high, high

Hint: [Authoritative/Authoritarian] parents set appropriate limits, use educational consequences, and balance warmth with firm expectations.
Flipside: Authoritative

Hint: [Authoritative/Authoritarian] parents provide high regulation but [low/high] parental support, relying more on strict discipline and punishments.
Flipside: Authoritarian, low

Hint: Children raised by [authoritarian/authoritative] parents may be more rebellious due to harsh punishment and lack of warmth.
Flipside: authoritarian

Hint: The [indulgent/uninvolved] parenting style features [high/low] parental support and [high/low] behavioural regulation, leading to permissive parenting.
Flipside: indulgent, high, low

Hint: [Indulgent/Uninvolved] parents avoid saying “no” and rely on others (teachers, law enforcement) to establish rules.
Flipside: Indulgent

Hint: Children of [indulgent/authoritarian] parents are monitored less and show [higher/lower] levels of antisocial behaviour.
Flipside: indulgent, higher

Hint: The [uninvolved/indulgent] parenting style is characterized by [high/low] parental support and [high/low] behavioural regulation, often due to serious family issues.
Flipside: uninvolved, low, low

Hint: The [uninvolved/authoritative] parenting style is linked to higher rates of [antisocial behaviour/intellectual achievement] and substance use in children.
Flipside: uninvolved, antisocial behaviour

Hint: By Grade 12, children of [uninvolved/authoritative] parents drink and smoke nearly twice as much as children of other parenting styles.
Flipside: uninvolved

Hint: [Sons/Daughters] of uninvolved parents are at a high risk of antisocial behaviour.
Flipside: Sons

Hint: Parenting styles are [fixed/can change] based on life circumstances like job loss, divorce, or health issues.
Flipside: can change

Hint: If one parent is [authoritative/indulgent], they can protect children from the negative effects of the other parent’s differing style.
Flipside: authoritative

Hint: Cultural differences exist in parenting: [Canadian/French] parents are generally more accepting, while [Italian/Canadian] parents hold stricter norms for daughters.
Flipside: Canadian, Italian

Hint: Over time, Western parents have given children [more/less] freedom inside the home and [more/less] freedom outside the home.
Flipside: more, less

Of course, love! 💕 Here’s your set of flashcards with all the key details.

Adolescent Cognition

Hint: During adolescence, [working memory/reaction time] reaches adult levels, leading to more logical and analytical thinking.
Flipside: working memory, reaction time

Hint: Adolescents shift from using [personal experience/statistical reasoning] as a heuristic to using [personal experience/statistical reasoning], leading to better decision-making.
Flipside: personal experience, statistical reasoning

Hint: As knowledge increases, the ability to use [executive processes/intuition] like planning and strategy also improves.
Flipside: executive processes

Hint: Adolescents apply executive strategies to problem-solving and [build new knowledge bases/apply instinct] for specific subjects.
Flipside: build new knowledge bases

Hint: [Fionn Ferreira/Kohlberg], an Irish teenager, won the 2019 Google Science Fair for developing a [magnetic liquid/artificial enzyme] that removes microplastics from water.
Flipside: Fionn Ferreira, magnetic liquid

Moral Reasoning (Kohlberg’s Theory)

Hint: Kohlberg expanded [Piaget/Erikson]’s cognitive development theory to explain [moral/social] reasoning.
Flipside: Piaget, moral

Hint: Kohlberg assessed moral reasoning by presenting [ethical dilemmas/logic puzzles] to participants and analyzing their [decisions/explanations].
Flipside: ethical dilemmas, explanations

Hint: [Preconventional/Conventional] morality is typical in childhood and early adolescence, where moral choices are based on [punishment and reward/personal ethics].
Flipside: Preconventional, punishment and reward

Hint: Some individuals never progress beyond [preconventional/conventional] morality, believing stealing or cheating is okay as long as they don’t get caught.
Flipside: preconventional

Hint: [Conventional/Postconventional] morality emerges in adolescence and focuses on maintaining reputation and following the law.
Flipside: Conventional

Hint: A risk of [preconventional/conventional] morality is that people may follow harmful rules, such as supporting genocide or slavery.
Flipside: Conventional

Hint: [Preconventional/Postconventional] morality is the highest stage, where individuals recognize laws as [absolute/created by humans] and follow self-chosen ethical principles.
Flipside: Postconventional, created by humans

Hint: According to Kohlberg, [most/few] people reach [preconventional/postconventional] morality.
Flipside: few, postconventional

Hint: Postconventional morality has been criticized for reflecting [Western/Universal] values, focusing on [personal justice/interpersonal duties] rather than cultural differences.
Flipside: Western, personal justice

Social and Emotional Development in Adolescence

Hint: Adolescents transition from family-centered to [peer-centered/self-centered] social interactions as they prepare for adulthood.
Flipside: peer-centered

Hint: [Erikson/Kohlberg] developed the psychosocial development model, which outlines social growth throughout the lifespan.
Flipside: Erikson

The Youth Criminal Justice System in Canada

Hint: Before 1908, young offenders in many countries faced the [same/different] consequences as adults, leading to [rehabilitation/criminal influence].
Flipside: same, criminal influence

Hint: Canada’s juvenile criminal justice system began with the [Juvenile Delinquents Act/Youth Criminal Justice Act] in 1908, recognizing that children develop differently from adults.
Flipside: Juvenile Delinquents Act

Hint: The [Young Offenders Act/Youth Criminal Justice Act] (1984) emphasized that young offenders are responsible for their actions but deserve special consideration.
Flipside: Young Offenders Act

Hint: The [Youth Criminal Justice Act/Juvenile Delinquents Act] (2001) focuses on [punishment/rehabilitation] and reducing youth incarceration.
Flipside: Youth Criminal Justice Act, rehabilitation

Hint: The [Youth Criminal Justice Act/Young Offenders Act] discourages [rehabilitation/incarceration] for nonviolent youth and promotes [alternatives to custody/more severe punishment].
Flipside: Youth Criminal Justice Act, alternatives to custody

Hint: Incarcerating youth at an early age is linked to [positive/negative] mental health outcomes.
Flipside: negative

Hint: Despite overall progress, [Indigenous/Asian] youth remain [underrepresented/overrepresented] in the Canadian justice system.
Flipside: Indigenous, overrepresented

Here’s your full set of flashcards, incorporating key details, definitions, and structured in your preferred format:

Front:
Ethnic identity appears to boost overall self-esteem in ______ (African American / European American) and ______ (Hispanic / Asian) teens during adolescence and young adulthood.

Back:
African American, Hispanic

Front:
The ______ (residential school system / public school system) in Canada forced thousands of Indigenous youth to leave their families, with the explicit purpose of stripping them of their cultural identity.

Back:
Residential school system

Front:
The residential school system was intentionally constructed ______ (within / far outside) Indigenous communities, making it difficult for students to return home and keeping them ______ (isolated / connected) to their cultural identity.

Back:
Far outside, isolated

Front:
The process of forcing Indigenous children to abandon their languages, beliefs, and identities in residential schools has now been recognized as ______ (cultural integration / cultural genocide).

Back:
Cultural genocide

Front:
Teens who report ______ (higher / lower) quality relationships with their parents are more likely to use marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco.

Back:
Lower

Front:
Despite increasing time spent with peers, maintaining strong family relationships can help protect adolescents from ______ (substance abuse / peer support) and ______ (mental health issues / academic success).

Back:
Substance abuse, mental health issues

Front:
Adolescents are ______ (more / less) sensitive to peer exclusion than adults and make ______ (more / fewer) risky decisions when in the presence of peers.

Back:
More, more

Front:
The transition to adulthood occurs gradually and involves milestones such as ______ (completing education / childhood independence), ______ (parenthood / part-time jobs), and independent living.

Back:
Completing education, parenthood

Front:
Young adulthood is characterized by peak ______ (physical / cognitive) performance, where the body is at its strongest, the brain is fully developed, and senses are at their sharpest.

Back:
Physical

Front:
Following four simple lifestyle habits—eating fruits and vegetables, avoiding smoking, moderate alcohol consumption, and exercising—can increase life expectancy by ______ (10 / 14) years.

Back:
14

Front:
Postformal thought is a stage of cognitive development where individuals recognize that answers are often ______ (absolute / dependent on context) and that many complex problems have ______ (one solution / multiple perspectives).

Back:
Dependent on context, multiple perspectives

Front:
According to Erikson, young adults face the challenge of ______ (intimacy vs. isolation / identity vs. role confusion), where failing to form close relationships may lead to loneliness.

Back:
Intimacy vs. isolation

Front:
Research suggests that despite stereotypes, most teens ______ (love / resent) their parents, share their ______ (values / conflicts), and seek them for advice.

Back:
Love, values

Front:
In studies, parents report feeling ______ (happier / more stressed) than non-parents, though causation cannot be determined.

Back:
Happier