Studied by 4 people
What is meant by the term “industrial revolution”?
refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in the middle 1700s
What were “macadam” roads
had large stones for drainage smoothed layer of crushed rock on top
What did English engineers Richard Trevithick and George Stephenson help develop?
locomotives and railroads
What did Jethro Tull invent in approx. 1701? Why was this beneficial to farmers?
seed drill, allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; more seeds took root
What are the “factors of production”
resources needed to produce goods and services that the industrial revolution required (land, labor, and capitol)
What did John Kay invent? How did it change the British textile industry?
flying shuttle; doubled work a weaver could do in a day
What did James Hargreaves invent?How did it change the British textile industry?
spinning jenny; one spinner could work 8 threads at a time
What did Richard Arkwright invent?How did it change the British textile industry?
water frame; machine made operating spinning wheels way faster
What did Samuel Compton invent? How did it change the British textile industry?
spinning mule; made thread that was stronger, finer, and more consistent
What did James Watt help to develop in 1765?
steam engines, helped them work faster, better, and burn less fuel
What did American Robert Fulton invent?
steamboat (clermont)
What boosted England’s water transportation by the mid-1800s?
canals
What is urbanization?
city building and the migration of people to cities
What was the Factory Act of 1819? Did it have an impact?
It restricted working age and hours, it didn’t work
Who was William Cockerill?
A lancashire carpenter who illegally went to Belgium in 1799 with secret plans for spinning machines
Define “laissez faire”
the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference
Define “capitalism”
an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit
What argument did Thomas Malthus make in his 1798 Essay on the Principle of Population?
the population tended to increase more rapidly than the food supply. without war and epidemics killing the extra people, most would be poor and miserable
What argument did David Ricardo make in his 1817 Principles of Political Economy and Taxation?
a permanent underclass would always be poor. wages would be smaller as population increased bc of the large number of workers
Who introduced the philosophy of utilitarianism?
Jeremy Bentham
What is utilitarianimsm?
Gov should provide safety net for people. People should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility, or usefulness
What did John Stuart Mill believe?
It was wrong that workers should live deprived lives that sometimes boarded on starvation
How were the working and living conditions near Robert Owen’s New Lanark, Scotland factory different than typical factory communities?
Houses were rented at low rates, children under 10 couldn’t work, free education
What did Karl Marx and Friedrich Eagels argue in The Communist Manifesto?
The human societies have always been divided into warring classes
What was the advantage to a worker in joining a labor union?
It spoke for all workers in a particular trade, engaged in negotiations for workers
What were the British Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800? Why would the British parliament pass these laws?
outlawed unions and strikes in fear of threat to social order and stability
How did the British Factory Act of 1833 change the industrial age?
illegal to hire children under the age of 9, 9-12 couldn’t work more than 8 hours a day, 13-17 couldn’t work more than 12 hours a day
What was the Mines Act of 1842
Prevented women and children from working underground
How did Parliament help both women and children in 1847?
Limited the workday to 10 hours for women and children who worked in factories. Called the ten hours act
Who was William Wilberforce? For what did he argue?
A highly religious man, apart of the Parliament. Fought for abolition, end of slavery and slave trade in the British West Indies
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